High SRI systems for cementitious applications

ABSTRACT

High SRI cementitious systems comprising integral concrete coloring admixtures, toppings, dry-shake hardeners, and other cementitious systems are provided. The high-SRI cementitious systems comprise one or more IR reflective pigments and other components to make-up the cementitious system, depending on the application. The high-SRI cementitious systems of the invention may be in the form of mixtures which increase the total solar reflectivity (TSR or albedo) and the Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) of concrete. The high-SRI cementitious systems may be toppings mixed with water for application to existing concrete surfaces, dry-shake hardeners for application to freshly-placed plastic concrete, or the IR reflective pigments may be mixed into integrally colored concrete in various forms, such as conventional cast-in-place concrete, lightweight concrete, pervious concrete and concrete building panels, pavers or masonry units. The topping and dry-shake hardener formulations of the invention may further comprise one or more of cementitious binder(s), graded aggregates, super-plasticizers, one or more pigments selected for improving infrared reflectivity and color composition, and/or optionally other additives, such as dry redispersible polymers or fillers to provide decorative and LEED compliant, highly durable (sustainable) concrete hardscapes and other decorative concrete.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is the U.S. national stage of International ApplicationNo. PCT/US09/30615 filed Jan. 9, 2009, which is a continuation-in-part,and claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/114,452,filed May 2, 2008, the contents of both of which are incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

For millions of people living in and around cities, the urban heatisland effect, i.e., a metropolitan area which is significantly warmerthan nearby rural areas, is of growing concern. The elevatedtemperatures associated with the heat island effect, as well asincreasing global temperatures, are impacting communities by increasingpeak energy demand, air conditioning costs, air pollution levels, andheat-related illness and mortality. In addition, as energy costs arerising, there is a need to reduce energy consumption. The use of “cool”materials in roads and building construction can be used to mitigate theheat island effect, reduce energy demand and energy consumption. Theterm “cool” materials is used to describe building materials that havehigh solar reflectance, or albedo, and which reflect a large portion ofthe sun's energy. Cool materials may also have a high thermal emittance,releasing a large percentage of absorbed heat.

Keeping building materials cooler in sunlight is historically known. Forexample, U.S. Pat. No. 21,927 dated Oct. 26, 1858 (Johnson) discloses anew composition for roofing which uses mica as a solar reflectormaterial. Johnson claims: “The mica being transparent and reflective,will act as a reflector of the sun's rays and add greatly to thecoolness of the building to which it is applied.” Other historicalreferences also describe the use of building materials to ward off thesun's rays. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 35,464; 2,133,988; 3,577,379;4,289,677; 4,424,292; and 4,624,710. Other references describingpigments used to protect building materials from sun exposure are alsoknown. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,006,175. A color restoring(self-cleansing) concrete body based on photo-catalytic TiO₂ in anataseform is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,102,039.

Complex Inorganic Color Pigments (CICPs) that are IR reflective aredisclosed in several U.S. Pat. Nos. including 6,174,360, 6,416,868 and6,541,112. These pigments are generally of spinel, rutile orcorundum-hematite basic structure and are manufactured by severalcompanies. Examples of these types of pigment are the Ferro's “GEODE®and Eclipse™ Cool Colors™”, The Shepherd Color Company's “Arctic®Colors”, BASF's (formerly Engelhard) “Meteor® and Meteor® Plus” andHeubach's “Heucodur®” CICP products. Other references are known whichalso describe coatings and pigments for use in building materials. See,e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/680,693 and 10/746,829, whichdisclose the use of 2-part coatings with infrared reflective pigmentsprimarily for use in coating roofing granules for asphalt roofing, suchas shingles; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/989,120, whichdiscloses a thermally insulating reflective coating system which iscomprised of infrared reflective pigments, hollow micro-spheres, variousfillers and resins where the coating has insulating as well asreflective properties.

During the mid 1970's, the ASTM established a standard for pigments usedto integrally color concrete. Under the leadership of chairman David R.Arnold, L. M. Scofield Company, the task group charged with developingthis standard completed their work in the early 1980's. The results aresummarized in the ASTM Research Report, Pigments for Integrally ColoredConcrete, Journal of Cement, Concrete and Aggregates (1980); ASTM C979Standard, Specification for Pigments for Integrally Colored Concrete,(1982) was adopted following the report publication. More recently, aEuropean Standard EN 12878, Pigments for the colouring of buildingmaterials based on cement and/or lime, has been adopted by the Europeancommon market standards organization (CEN).

Interest in concrete as a means of improving albedo or SRI of pavementhas been studied by Ting, Koomey and Pomerantz as well as by Levinsonand Akbari, both groups from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,and also by Marceau and VanGeem of the Portland Cement Association.These studies have considered gray and white cements as the primaryfactor in the resulting albedo or solar reflectance of the concrete withSupplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM's), contributing to theoverall reflectivity. Marceau and VanGeem found that about 80% of thevariation of solar reflectance of concrete was due to the cementreflectance when no SCM was present and 75% when SCM's were included andcement reflection was constant. They report that fine aggregates have avery small effect on the solar reflectance and that coarse aggregatesalso have been determined to play a very minor role in the resultingconcrete's albedo or solar reflectance.

Concrete is a highly versatile and durable structural material that iswidely used in nearly all modern construction. There has been a growingtrend to make concrete surfaces, structures and other building elementsmore aesthetically pleasing by making a wide range of colors availableand, more recently, to provide sustainable site development withconcrete construction.

However, the selection of colors available that provide the desiredlevel of solar reflectivity is limited. Therefore, there is a need tomake available decorative concrete, cementitious matrices and otherbuilding components manufactured from concrete that have the desiredimproved solar reflectivity and resulting cooler surfaces.

SUMMARY

The cementitious products of this invention allow significantimprovement in infrared (IR) reflectivity of structures made with orcovered in the high-SRI cementitious systems of the invention, and alsoallow for making concrete coloring and texturing possible whileproviding a new color range of cementitious products. The high-SRIcementitious systems of the invention reduce or mitigate the “heatisland effect” as described in publications by the Heat Island Group,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), by their improved IRreflectivity. Further, the cementitious application products describedherein allow ordinary gray concrete to be cost effectively improved toprovide high reflectivity (“albedo”) and high SRI along with a widerange of aesthetically pleasing colors.

The present invention describes high-SRI cementitious systems havinginfrared reflectivity. The high-SRI cementitious systems include, butare not limited to, integrally colored concrete, dry-shake hardeners,toppings and other cementitious systems, which provide a reduction inthe well-documented “urban heat island effect”. The construction andbuilding materials produced according to the invention facilitate andpermit environmentally responsible construction practices under current“Green Building” and Leadership in Environmental Engineering and Design(LEED) guidelines as stated in the Ready Mixed Concrete Industry LEEDReference Guide (2006) RMC Research Foundation, to provide improvedalbedo and SRI performance well beyond what can be achieved withconventional concrete coloring systems currently available with theexception of white concrete.

Using white or even gray portland cement concrete without pigments afairly high albedo value can be achieved. However, many current colors,in particular darker colors, do not provide adequate albedo and could bereferred to as “hot” colors. The present invention permits the designer,or owner of the concrete to improve albedo and SRI values of theconcrete while providing an extensive range of colors for concreteconstruction that can result in a more aesthetically pleasing and variedappearance as compared to conventionally colored architectural concrete.Further, the improved albedo and SRI values of the concrete can be costeffectively produced.

According to one embodiment of the invention, a high-SRI cementitioussystem comprising an infrared reflective pigment composition having oneor more infrared reflective pigments is provided. The high-SRIcementitious system can be a cementitious matrix or a concrete coloringadmixture. The infrared reflective pigments are selected from the groupconsisting of black infrared reflective pigments, red infraredreflective pigments; orange to yellow infrared reflective pigments;beige to brown infrared reflective pigments; green infrared reflectivepigments; blue infrared reflective pigments; gray-white infraredreflective pigments; and combinations thereof.

According to the invention, the infrared reflective pigments comprise:

black infrared reflective pigments having a percent reflectance at 1000nanometers of at least 40%, and preferably are selected from the groupconsisting of manganese-vanadium oxide spinels, chromium green-blackhematites, aluminum- and titanium-doped chromium green-black modifiedhematites, chromium iron oxides, hematite chromium green-blacks, ironchromite brown spinels including pigment brown 35, chromium iron nickelblack spinels including pigment black 30, perylene blacks, andcombinations thereof;

red infrared reflective pigments having a percent reflectance at 1000nanometers of at least 60%, preferably selected from the groupconsisting of o-chloro-p-nitroaniline coupled β-napthols,m-nitro-p-toluidine coupled with β-napthols, diazotized p-aminobenzamidecoupled with BON-o-phentidines, diketo-pyyrolo-pyrrole reds, iron (III)oxide hematites, cerium sesquisulfides, quinacridone magenta B, pigmentred 149, perylene reds, and combinations thereof;

orange to yellow infrared reflective pigments having a percentreflectance at 1000 nanometers of at least 65%, preferably selected fromthe group consisting of benzimidazolone blends, chromium antimonytitanate buff rutiles, o-dianisidine coupled with aceto-acetanilides,dinitraniline coupled with beta-naphthols, insoindoline yellows,o-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenylhydrazono)-α-aceto-2′-methoxyacetanilides,monoarylide yellows, nickel antimony titanates, nickel antimony titaniumyellow rutiles, m-nitro-o-anisidine coupled with acetoacet-o-anisidines,potassium cerium sulfides, pyrazolo-quinazolones, quinophthaloneyellows, zinc ferrite yellow spinels and combinations thereof;

beige to brown infrared reflective pigments having a percent reflectanceat 1000 nanometers of at least 60%, preferably chrome antimony titaniumbuff rutiles and chrome antimony titanium rutiles, such as pigment brown24, chromium iron oxide, chromium iron oxide spinels, such as pigmentbrown 29, chrome niobium buff rutiles, such as pigment yellow 162,chrome tungsten titanium buff rutiles, as pigment yellow 163, ironchromite buff spinels, such as pigment brown 29, iron titanium brownspinels, such as pigment black 12, manganese antimony titanium buffrutiles, such as pigment yellow 164, manganese antimony titaniumrutiles, manganese tungsten titanium rutiles, zinc ferrite brownspinels, such as pigment yellow 119, zinc iron chromite brown spinels,such as pigment brown 33, and combinations thereof;

green infrared reflective pigments having a percent reflectance at 1000nanometers of at least 60%, preferably selected from the groupconsisting of chlorinated copper phthalocyanine greens, chromiumgreen-black hematites, chromium green-black modified, certain chromiumoxides, cobalt chromite blue-green spinels, cobalt chromite greenspinels, cobalt titanate green spinels, partially halogenated copperphthalocyanines, and combinations thereof;

blue infrared reflective pigments having a percent reflectance at 1000nanometers of at least 50%, preferably, selected from the groupconsisting of cobalt aluminate blue spinels, cobalt chromite blue-greenspinels, cobalt chromium zinc aluminate spinels, cobalt lithium titanategreen spinels, copper phthalocyanines, indanthrones, and combinationsthereof;

gray to white infrared reflective pigments having a percent reflectanceat 1000 nanometers of at least 60%, preferably, selected from the groupconsisting of black to white infrared reflective pigments, chromiumgreen-black hematites, pigmentary anatase, chrome antimony titanium buffrutiles, anatase TiO₂ and combinations thereof.

However, as will be understood by those of skill in the art by referenceto this disclosure, the high-SRI cementitious system according to theinvention can include a combination of infrared reflective pigments toform a range of colored cementitious systems.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the cementitioussystem is a dry shake color hardener, or a topping. According to anotherembodiment of the invention, a composition for creating a coloredconcrete material is provided. The composition comprises a cementitioussystem and one or more infrared reflective pigments of the invention.The cementitious system may be conventional concrete, lightweightconcrete, or pervious concrete. Further, the high-SRI cementitioussystem may be used in a variety of cementitious applications, such asconcrete panels, pavers or masonry units. Further, the integral concretecoloring admixtures may be used in concrete that is cast intomanufactured pavers or precast building panels.

Methods for preparing cementitious systems including colored concreteand cementitious mixtures using one or more infrared reflective pigmentsof the invention are also provided. According to the method, theinfrared reflective pigments may be added to the concrete as a coloringadmixture or a cementitious mixture in the form of a topping forapplying to hardened concrete, or a dry-shake hardener that is broadcastover freshly-placed (plastic) concrete. According to another embodiment,the infrared reflective pigments may be added integrally to concrete invarious concrete related applications, such as conventional decorativeconcrete, lightweight concrete, pervious concrete, pre-cast structuralelements and concrete masonry units or pavers.

FIGURES

These and other features, aspects and advantages of the presentinvention will become better understood from the following description,appended claims, and accompanying figures where:

FIG. 1 is a graph showing direct normal irradiance, ASTM E 891, Air Mass1.5;

FIG. 2A is a graph of spectral reflectance for conventional blackpigmented systems and infrared reflective black pigmented systemsaccording to one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2B is a graph of reflected solar energy for conventional blackpigmented systems and infrared reflective black pigmented systemsaccording to the embodiment of the invention also shown in FIG. 2A;

FIG. 3A is a graph of spectral reflectance for conventional redpigmented systems and infrared reflective red pigmented systemsaccording to another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3B is a graph of reflected solar energy for conventional redpigmented systems and infrared reflective red pigmented systemsaccording to the embodiment of the invention also shown in FIG. 3A;

FIG. 4A is a graph of spectral reflectance for conventional yellowpigmented systems and infrared reflective yellow pigmented systemsaccording to another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4B is a graph of reflected solar energy for conventional yellowpigmented systems and infrared reflective yellow pigmented systemsaccording to the embodiment of the invention also shown in FIG. 4A;

FIG. 5A is a graph of spectral reflectance for conventional beigepigmented systems and infrared reflective brown and beige pigmentedsystems according to another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5B is a graph of reflected solar energy for conventional beigepigmented systems and infrared reflective brown and beige pigmentedsystems according to the embodiment of the invention also shown in FIG.5A;

FIG. 6A is a graph of spectral reflectance for conventional greenpigmented systems and infrared reflective green pigmented systemsaccording to another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6B is a graph of reflected solar energy for conventional greenpigmented systems and infrared reflective green pigmented systemsaccording to the embodiment of the invention also shown in FIG. 6A;

FIG. 7A is a graph of spectral reflectance for conventional bluepigmented systems and infrared reflective blue pigmented systemsaccording to another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7B is a graph of reflected solar energy for conventional bluepigmented systems and infrared reflective blue pigmented systemsaccording to the embodiment of the invention also shown in FIG. 7A;

FIG. 8A is a graph of spectral reflectance for gray portland cementconcrete and infrared reflective gray and white pigmented systemsaccording to another embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 8B is a graph of reflected solar energy for gray portland cementconcrete and infrared reflective gray and white pigmented systemsaccording to the embodiment of the invention also shown in FIG. 8A.

DESCRIPTION

According to one embodiment of the present invention, there is providedinfrared (IR) reflective pigments for use in high-SRI cementitioussystems. The high-SRI cementitious systems of the invention arecementitious applications that incorporate one or more IR reflectivepigments into formulations such as, toppings mixed with water forapplication to existing concrete surfaces, dry-shake hardeners forapplication to freshly-placed plastic concrete, integral coloringadmixtures for concrete of all types including pre-cast and/or evensteam-cured concrete structural elements where conventional iron oxideyellow and black pigments would degrade due to temperature, as well asother cementitious systems such as integral colored concrete and stucco.Some of the cementitious topping or dry-shake hardener systems of theinvention may include, in addition to one or more IR reflectivepigments, one or more of the following: hydraulic cementitiousbinder(s); graded aggregates; super-plasticizers, water-reducing and/orair-entraining admixtures, pozzolans; one or more pigments selected forimproving infrared reflectivity, or a desired color, and/or optionallyother additives, such as dry redispersible polymers or fillers,depending on the particular cementitious application, to providedecorative and LEED compliant concrete hardscapes and other decorativeconcrete surfaces or structures.

The integral concrete coloring admixtures, cementitious toppings,dry-shake hardeners, and other high-SRI cementitious systems of theinvention are used to color concrete or as concrete surface treatmentsand to provide a wide range of “cool” architectural concrete colors,i.e., concrete having high Solar Reflectance Index (SRI), or albedo, andwhich reflects a large portion of the sun's infrared energy. Theintegral concrete coloring admixtures, cementitious toppings anddry-shake hardeners according to the invention may be cost effectivelyused to produce an IR-reflective surface for concrete that is notpossible with ordinary gray portland cement concrete with conventionalpigments of similar colors. Ordinary gray portland cement concrete canbe improved in IR reflectance and colored at the same time by selectiveuse of integral concrete colors made with high IR reflectance pigmentsand/or additives. Colors included in the IR reflective compositions are:blacks, reds, yellows, oranges, greens, blues, browns, and whites. TheIR reflective pigments of the invention may be combined to achievecolors such as beiges, purples, grays, or any intermediate shadethereof.

The color of the infrared reflective pigment described herein refers tothe visual property of the pigment derived from the spectrum of light(distribution of light energy versus wavelength) in the correspondingcategory, e.g., red, orange, yellow, blue, green, etc. The colorcategories and physical specifications are also associated with thecompositions based on their physical properties such as light absorptionor reflection spectra. Additionally, the infrared reflective pigmentsdescribed herein have a composition of reflected light that isdetectable as colors by humans (wavelength spectrum from 400 nm to 700nm, roughly).

In the case of black infrared pigments, the black color is the result ofa pigment that absorbs light rather than reflects it back to the eye to“look black”, and a black pigment may be, in fact, a variation of acolor, such as a blue-black or a green-black. A black pigment can,however, result from a combination of several pigments that collectivelyabsorb all colors. If appropriate proportions of three primary colors ofpigments are mixed, the result reflects so little light as to be called“black”.

In the case of gray-white infrared reflective pigments, the gray-whitecolor refers to white pigments and the range of white to gray shadesbetween near-black and near-white.

The stated colors of the infrared reflective pigments described hereinshould not be interpreted as absolute. Spectral colors form a continuousspectrum, and the infrared reflective pigments described herein aredivided into distinct colors as a matter of convenience as will beunderstood by those of skill in the art, that the colors of the infraredreflective pigments may be between (or among), 2 or more stated colors,and still fall within the scope of the invention.

As used in this disclosure, the following terms have the followingmeanings.

“Absorptance” (α, alpha) is the ratio of absorbed radiant flux toincident radiant flux.

“Albedo” is the ratio of reflected sunlight energy to the amount ofsolar irradiance (energy) falling on a given surface. As used herein,the term refers to the overall spectra reflectance of sunlight from ˜360nm to 2500 nm based on calculation from spectral values obtained by ASTME 903 and solar insolation values from ASTM E 891 using the 50-point or100-point selected (equal-energy) ordinate method for direct solarirradiance. ASTM E 891 data is at air mass 1.5, turbidity 0.27 andzenith angle of at 48.19° which is a composite value for the contiguousUnited States. Albedo can be expressed as a percent (29%), or morecommonly, as a decimal fraction, such as 0.29. Total Solar Reflectance(TSR) and albedo are used interchangeably. It should be noted thatalbedo (TSR) includes portions of the UV (up to 400 nm), all of thevisible spectra (400-700 nm) and the infrared from (701-2500 nm).Generally dark colored materials have low albedo and light coloredmaterials have high albedo, however IR reflective materials can befairly dark and still have fairly high albedo values.

“Cementitious application” refers to a building, construction, and/ormanufacturing material or process containing a cement, and also includesapplications.

“Cementitious matrix” refers to a composition containing cement andoptionally one or more other additives, depending on the cementitiousapplication, such as a topping, dry-shake hardener, or othercementitious application, such as concrete.

“Cementitious system” refers to a concrete coloring admixture orcementitious matrix.

“Concrete coloring admixture” refers to a composition containing apigment and other additives, such as a water reducing agent.

“CICP” is an acronym for “Complex Inorganic Color Pigment”, which is acolored mixed metal oxide.

“High-SRI Cementitious system” refers to a cementitious system having ahigh-SRI value, generally of at least above about 29 SRI units, morepreferably, above about 32 SRI units, and in some colored high-SRIcementitious systems, above about 40 SRI units.

“Infrared (IR) Reflectance” refers to the hemispherical reflectancevalues measured from ASTM E 903 for wavelengths from 700 to 2500 nmreferenced to standards using a diffuse reflectance measurement with ahemispherical integrating sphere.

“LEED” is an acronym for Leadership in Environmental Engineering andDesign, a program administered by the U.S. Green Building Council(USGBC), to promote sustainability, energy efficiency and to minimizeenvironmental impact in both new construction (NC) and existingbuildings (EB). The LEED requirements referenced herein are related tomitigation of the “Urban Heat Island Effect” under LEED SustainableSites Credit 7.1 and possible exemplary and/or innovation credit(s) forhigh levels of performance, well beyond what is required.

“Kirchoff Relationship” per ASTM E903 defines 3 related properties oflight energy as follows:

α_(s)+τ_(s)+ρ_(s)=1, where α_(s) (alpha sub s) is absorptance, τ_(s)(tau sub s) is transmittance and ρ_(s) (rho sub s) is reflectance.Transmittance, τ_(s)=0 for opaque materials (e.g. concrete). Highabsorptance is related to the heat build-up and the high reflectance isrequired to reduce heat build-up.

“Reflectance, ρ (rho)”, is the ratio of the reflected radiant flux tothe incident radiant flux.

“Solar Insolation” refers to the solar irradiance that is incident on asurface, considering angle, air mass, global position and otheratmospheric conditions.

“Solar Irradiance per unit wavelength” refers to the energy that isavailable from sunlight under specified conditions, such as air mass=1.5and 37° tilt, direct, or other variables such as global position andatmospheric chemical composition, turbidity or rural aerosol and unit ofwavelength. This information is derived from measured solar irradiancedata from SMARTS2 or earlier solar models, such as Fröhlich and Wherlior Neckel and Labs and from ASTM Sunlight Standards E490, E891, E892 andG173.

“Solar Irradiance, Spectral” refers to the solar irradiance (E_(λ), orEnergy at wavelength) that is available at a given wavelength, λ(lambda), using the units, watts*meter⁻²*μm⁻¹, where E_(λ)=dE/dλ.

Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) enables estimation of how hot a surfacewill become upon exposure to sunlight. It is computed from the TSR oralbedo values using the Stefan-Boltzman Constant, 5.67 E-8 watts*m⁻²*°K⁻⁴ and can include a normally assigned emittance (ε, epsilon) value(e.g. ε=0.90 default value for concrete), wind speed, air and skytemperatures as well as reflectances and temperatures of both black andwhite surfaces.

“Urban Heat Island Effect” is the known increase in the averagetemperature of cities or urban areas as compared to the temperatures ofsurrounding non-urban areas. This temperature rise is due to thepavement and buildings with low solar reflectivity as opposed to thetrees and vegetation with higher solar reflectivity in the non-urbanareas.

As used in this disclosure, the term “comprise” and variations of theterm, such as “comprising” and “comprises,” are not intended to excludeother additives, components, integers or steps.

All amounts disclosed herein are given in weight percent of the totalweight of the composition.

In one embodiment, the present invention is the use of one or moreinfrared (IR) reflective pigments in concrete or a cementitious system.The IR reflective pigments of the invention are blacks, reds, yellows,oranges, greens, blues, browns, and whites, and may be combined toachieve colors such as beiges, purples, grays, and other intermediateshades. The IR reflective pigments are formulated in compositions foruse in high-SRI cementitious systems, such as integral coloringadmixtures, toppings, dry-shake color hardeners, and other cementitioussystems. The coloring admixtures for concrete, dry-shake colorhardeners, and topping formulations of the invention use pigments thathave good IR reflective properties. The IR reflective pigments of theinvention may be obtained from commercial sources and are selected basedon the criteria described below. The high-SRI cementitious systemsaccording to the invention are designed to maximize the effectiveness ofthe selected pigments in a system and result in a group of coloredproducts that provide significant improvements in the albedo of theconcrete or cementitious system substrate as compared to conventionaltechnology. The concrete coloring admixtures and other cementitioussystems according to the invention preferably reduce surface temperaturerise with sunlight exposure as compared to analogous conventionalproducts. The use of pigments or cementitious system componentsincluding all known toxic or environmentally harmful pigments such asany containing lead, arsenic, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, andaniline-based colors are not preferred materials and are generallyeliminated from consideration for use in the invention. All othernon-toxic or environmentally-safe systems described in the abovecompositions are formulated to observe the Twelve Principles of GreenChemistry, (http://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/pubs/principles.html),wherever applicable.

Most of the IR reflective pigments are pigment types from the categoryof complex inorganic color pigments (CICPs). CICPs are generally of therutile, spinel or corundum-hematite crystal structure, as described inAdvanced Inorganic Chemistry, Cotton and Wilkinson, 1980, pp. 16-17.These CICPs, formerly referred to as mixed metal oxides (MMOs), have 2or more metals in the same crystal unit structure. These crystalstructures are generally referred to as rutile, spinel orcorundum-hematite, based on the composition and crystal latticestructures of the minerals rutile, spinel or corundum-hematite. Corundumstructures in α-Al₂O₃ form may also be referred to as hematites.

Rutiles, as described in Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Cotton andWilkinson, 1980, p. 16 are composite metal oxides with a crystalstructure corresponding to the rutile form of titanium dioxide TiO₂,where each metal ion is in a 6-coordinate system with the oxygen ions.These are generally represented by the formula MO₂, where M representsone or more metal ions. Nickel antimony titanate is an example of arutile structure, with part of the Ti (IV) cations replaced by nickel(II) cations and antimony (V) cations, all occupying the same rutilelattice unit cell structure.

Spinels, as described in Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Cotton andWilkinson, 1980, p 17, are composite metal oxide crystal structuresgenerally referring to the formula MgAl₂O₄. Spinels have a symmetry ofccp (cubic close-packed) of the oxygen ions with one-eighth of thetetrahedral holes filled with Mg⁺² ions and one-half of the octahedralholes occupied by Al⁺³ ions. Many CICPs have this same structure forM_(a) ⁺²M_(b2) ⁺³O₄ metal oxides, where M_(a) is a metal ion of valence+2 with one ion per spinel unit structure and M_(b2) is a metal ofvalence +3 with 2 ions per spinel unit structure. Structurally, this isequivalent to M_(a)[II]O.M_(b)[III]₂O₃ metal oxides, for normal spinels,but M_(a)[IV]O.M_(b)[II]₂O₃ or M_(a)[I]₂O.M_(b)[VI]O₃ and other spinelvariations can also form.

Corundums, as described in Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Cotton andWilkinson, 1980, p 16, are metal oxides crystal structures referring tocorundum, α-Al₂O₃ and hematite Fe₂O₃ which have a symmetry of hcp(hexagonal close-packed) oxygen ions with two-thirds of the octahedralinterstices occupied by metal cations. Examples of these compounds areCr₂O₃ or FeCrO₃ where the metal cation(s) is/are normally in the +3valence state.

There are many variations of these unit cell structures as described inAdvanced Inorganic Chemistry, Cotton and Wilkinson, 1980, p 17, pp686-87 and p 753, such as inverse spinels with Fe₃O₄ (magnetite) as anexample of a stoichiometric compound where the Fe⁺² and Fe⁺³ ions occupythe spaces normally occupied by the oxygen ions in the crystal lattice.Disordered spinels which are not stoichiometric, have only a fraction ofthe tetrahedral sites or the octahedral sites occupied by metal ions.The size (ionic radii) relationships of the metal cations to the size ofthe oxygen anions and Vegard's Law, along with Crystal FieldStabilization Energy (CFSE) help to determine the resulting crystallattice structure.

CICP pigments are considerably more costly to produce than conventionaliron oxide and chromium oxide based pigments, however, they are verystable chemically and are resistant to high heat and UV exposure as wellbecause they are produced at up to 1000° C. (1800° F.). CICP pigmentsprovide color by electron transitions from one quantum energy level(mostly in d-orbitals) to another (also mostly d-orbital) where part ofthe white sunlight is absorbed and the remaining complementary color inthe visible range (and extending into the NIR) is reflected.

Many organic pigments have fair to good IR reflectivity and aregenerally more intensely colored than the similar colors are withinorganic pigments. Some of these organic colors extend the availablecolor range to include colors that cannot be achieved with conventionalinorganic pigments. Organic pigments provide color by having chromophoregroups with conjugated π-electron overlaps that provide resonantstructures absorbing energy at certain wavelengths in the visible rangeand IR spectral range and reflecting energy at other wavelengths.Organic pigments, in many cases, are sensitive to the harsh high (11-12)pH environment of cementitious materials and even though they may workfine in coatings, they may fail rapidly in moist exterior exposedcementitious systems. In some cases the organic pigments also can faildue to UV exposure as noted with BASF (formerly Engelhard) 1270Diarylide Yellow (below). Additionally, some organic pigments arenon-polar and do not disperse well enough in cementitious systems or cancause excessive degradation of physical properties of the cementitioussystems such as reduction of compressive strength. Other organicpigments will not remain bound in the cementitious matrix and can washout or track off over time. Given all of these potentialincompatibilities, adequate testing is required to thoroughly evaluateeach pigment used in the IR reflective cementitious systems according tothe invention.

As described below, pigments used according to the invention may beobtained from commercial sources, where indicated, or are available froma variety of manufactures where indicated. The following abbreviationsare used for the following commercial suppliers. BASF having offices inCharlotte, N.C., is referred to as BASF, BASF formerly Engelhard, havingoffices in Iselin, N.J. is referred to as “BASF-E”; ColorchemInternational Corp., having offices in Atlanta, Ga. is referred to as“Colorchem” CIBA Specialty Chemicals, having offices in Newport, Del. isreferred to as “CIBA”; Ferro Corporation, having offices in Cleveland,Ohio is referred to as “Ferro”; Elementis Pigments, having offices inEast St. Louis, Ill. is referred to as “Elementis”; Heucotech, havingoffices in Fairless Hills, Pa. is referred to as “Heubach”; Ishirara ISKhaving offices in San Francisco, Calif. is referred to as “ISK”, LanxessCorporation formerly Bayer, having offices in Pittsburgh, Pa., isreferred as “Lanxess”, The Shepherd Color Co., having offices inCincinnati, Ohio is referred to as “Shepherd”; Sun Chemical, havingoffices in Cincinnati, Ohio is referred to as “Sun”; TOR MineralsInternational having offices in Corpus Christi, Tex. is referred to asTOR, and United Color Manufacturing, having offices in Newtown, Pa. isreferred to as “United”.

According to one embodiment of the invention, cementitious systems forblack concrete integral coloring admixtures, dry-shake hardeners andtoppings are provided. These cementitious systems have black IRreflective pigments. Preferably, the black IR reflective pigments have aminimum value of 40% reflectance at 1000 nm. Some black pigments thatmay not be of high enough SRI on their own but with higher IRreflectance than iron oxide or carbon black, can be used in combinationswith higher SRI pigments to meet minimum SRI requirements.

The black IR reflective pigments that provide the desired IR-reflectiveproperties may include one or more of the following pigments:

-   -   aluminum and titanium doped chromium green-black modified        hematites, commercially available as V-780 Cool Colors™ IR Brown        Black (Ferro) and V-799 Cool Colors™ IR Black (Ferro);    -   copper chromium manganese black spinel, commercially available        as pigment black 28, such as 7890 Meteor® Black (BASF-E), 9875        Meteor® Plus HS Jet Black, Black 411 (Shepherd);    -   copper chromium manganese barium spinel, commercially available        as pigment black 28, such as 5875 Meteor® Plus Jet Black,        Heucodur® Brown 869 (Heubach) Black, Heucodur® Black 953        (Heubach), Heucodur® Black 963 (Heubach),    -   chromium green-black hematites, commercially available as        pigment green 17, such as GEODE® V-774 Cool Colors™ HS Black        (Ferro), GEODE® V-775 Cool Colors™ IR Black (Ferro), V-776 IR        Black (Ferro), GEODE® V-778 Cool Colors™ IR Black (Ferro),        GEODE® 10204 IR Eclipse™ IR Black (Ferro), O-1775B Ebony        (Ferro), Black 10C909 (Shepherd), and Black 30C940 (Shepherd);    -   chromium iron nickel black spinels, commercially available as        pigment black 30, such as GEODE® 10456 Black (Ferro) and        Heucodur® Black 950 (Heubach);    -   chromium iron oxide spinels, commercially available as pigment        brown 29, such as Black 411 (Shepherd), 9880 Meteor® Plus High        IR Jet (blue shade) Black (BASF-E), 9882 Meteor® Plus (blue        shade, high strength) Black (BASF-E), 9887 Meteor® Plus (Brown        Shade) High IR Black (BASF-E), 9889 Meteor® Plus (brown shade)        High IR Black (BASF-E),    -   cobalt chromium iron spinel, commercially available as pigment        black 27, such as Heucodur® Black 955 (Heubach),    -   copper chromium iron spinel, commercially available as pigment        black 28, such as Heucodur® Black 9-100 (Heubach)    -   hematite chromium green-blacks, commercially available as        pigment green 17, such as Heucodur® Black 910 (Heubach);    -   iron chromite black spinels, commercially available as pigment        brown 35, such as 7895 Meteor® High IR Black (BASF-E), 9891        Black (Blue Shade), MT, High IR Black (BASF-E), 9895 Black, High        IR (BASF-E), Heucodur® Black 920 (Heubach), Heucodur® Black 940        (Heubach);    -   iron chromium manganese black spinel, commercially available as        pigment brown 29, 9880 Meteor® Plus High IR Black; 9882 Meteor®        Plus Black (Blue Shade High Strength), 9887 Meteor® Plus High IR        Black (Brown Shade), 9889 Meteor®Plus High IR Black (Brown Shade        High Strength);    -   chromium-free proprietary manganese, bismuth, strontium and/or        vanadium oxide spinels, commercially available as GEODE® 10201        Eclipse™ Black (Ferro), GEODE® 10202 (new experimental version        0-1786) Eclipse™ Black (Ferro), and GEODE® 10203 Eclipse™ Black        (Ferro); and    -   perylene black, commercially available as Paliotol™ L 0086        (BASF).

In a preferred embodiment, a black high-SRI IR reflective cementitioussystem is provided. More preferably, the black high-SRI IR reflectivecomposition is a coloring admixture for concrete, topping, dry-shakecolor hardener, or other cementitious system that utilizes the CICPblack pigments, GEODE® V-775 (Ferro), GEODE® V-776 (Ferro) and Eclipse™Black 10202 (Ferro), to achieve the black to gray range of colors withhigh albedo or SRI. The most preferred black color for integrallycolored concrete or cementitious topping or dry-shake color hardenerutilizes Eclipse™ Black 10202 (new experimental version 0-1786) (Ferro)to achieve the highest possible albedo or SRI values. Bayferrox 303-T(Lanxess), a lower cost CICP manganese ferrite black spinel pigment withmoderate IR reflectance (although too low by itself) can be used alongwith higher IR reflectance pigments to provide required minimum SRIvalues in more cost effective formulations, where cost constraints mustbe considered as well as SRI.

As it is known to those in the art, carbon black and black iron oxideabsorb strongly across the whole UV, V is and NIR spectrum, have verypoor albedo or SRI values, and are generally unsuitable for anyapplication where IR reflectivity is required. Referring now to FIG. 2A,the data covering formulas with these carbon black and black iron oxidepigments are shown to indicate the difference in current knowledge ofthe art in architectural colored concrete and the cementitious systems,including dry-shake hardener and toppings having black IR reflectivepigments of the invention.

As noted, black iron oxide and carbon black are not suitable in systemsintended to provide IR reflectivity. In addition, it has also beendetermined that many CICP pigments in the black range are similarlyunsuitable for use in integrally colored concrete, cementitious toppingor dry-shake systems intended to provide IR reflectivity. Examples ofsuch low IR reflective systems are with CICP pigments that include adifferent manganese ferrite black spinel (F-6331-2 (Ferro), Coal Black)and iron cobalt chromite black spinel (pigment black 27, GEODE® 10335Black (Ferro)), where the latter-named pigment shows the characteristiccobalt trough from 1200-1800 nm. Another system with only weak tomoderate IR reflectivity uses chrome iron nickel black spinel, GEODE®10456 Black (Ferro). It has also been determined that although concreteor cementitious systems can be pigmented with carbazole violet, pigmentviolet 23 (Sun or Ciba) mixed with phthalocyanine green, (pigment green7) to provide an intense black with excellent IR reflectivity, thiscombination of pigments does not remain adequately bound into theconcrete or other cementitious matrix and would be expected to wash outover time. The carbazole violet, phthalocyanine green combination wasnot tested in a dry-shake hardener system due to its failure to remainbound in the topping binder system and also to the possibility ofwind-blown organic pigment from dry-shake broadcast applicationprocedures.

According to another embodiment of the invention, high-SRI cementitioussystems for red colored dry-shake hardeners and toppings are provided.These high-SRI cementitious systems have red IR reflective pigments.Preferably, the red IR reflective pigments have a minimum value of 50%reflectance at 1000 nm.

The red IR reflective pigments that provide the desired IR-reflectiveproperties may include one or more of the following pigments:

-   -   o-Chloro-p-nitroaniline coupled β-napthols, such as 1088 Blazing        Red (BASF-E);    -   m-nitro-p-toluidine coupled with β-napthols, such as 1173        Toluidine Dark Red (BASF-E);    -   diazotized p-aminobenzamide coupled with BON-o-phentidines, such        as 3169 Red (BASF-E) and 3170 Red (BASF-E);    -   diketo-pyyrol-pyrrole (DPP) reds, such as CIBA Irgazin® Red 2030        (CIBA); Monolite® Red 325401 (Heubach),    -   iron (III) oxide hematites, such as GEODE® V-13810 High IR Red        (Ferro), however, some red iron oxide pigments other than        V-13810 may have fair IR reflectance but also may have small        amounts of magnetic iron oxide or black iron oxide which can        adversely affect their reflective properties across the        UV-Vis-NIR spectrum;    -   cerium sesquisulfides, such as Rhodia Neolor™ Red S (Colorchem);    -   quinacridone magenta B, such as Sunfast® Red 228-1220 (Sun),        228-6725 (Sun); and    -   perylene reds, such as United pigment red 149, (United);

In a preferred embodiment, red IR reflective pigments for cementitioussystems including, concrete coloring admixtures, toppings, dry-shakehardeners, and other cementitious systems are provided. More preferably,the IR reflective concrete coloring admixtures, toppings, dry-shakehardeners, and other cementitious systems utilize red IR reflectivepigments including iron (III) oxide hematites, such as GEODE® V-13810High IR Red (Ferro), and cerium sesquisulfides, such as Rhodia Neolor™Red S to achieve the high albedo and SRI values. The most preferred redIR reflective pigment is Rhodia Neolar™ Red S, used in cementitioussystems to provide the best possible albedo and SRI values.

In the selection of pigments in the IR reflective red range it wasdetermined that Casacolor DPP Red 2540, pigment red 254, (KeystoneAniline, Chicago) would not stay in the topping system binder wellenough and would be prone to wash out in exterior applications. Theperformance of the Ciba Irgazin® DPP Red 2030 was satisfactory and itdid not have the same wash out tendency, which was likely due todifferent crystalline structure vs. the Casacolor DPP Red 2540. Theconventional iron oxide pigment controls, such as Bayferrox® Red 110 orRed 140, can provide moderate albedo and SRI values when used in bothgray and white portland cement systems, however, a gain in albedo andSRI can be achieved by using a system with higher IR reflectivity, forexample using GEODE® V-13810 High IR Red (Ferro), Ciba Irgazine® DPP Red(CIBA) or Rhodia Neolor™ Red S (Colorchem) in the integral concretecoloring admixtures, toppings or dry-shake hardeners. A topping testspecimen with an orange blend of Casacolor DPP Red 2540 (Keystone) andconventional yellow 2087 pigment also showed loss of red, fading toyellow after 10 months of exterior exposure and was excluded, howeverthe topping with DPP red (CIBA) had satisfactory performance after 1year of exterior exposure.

According to another embodiment of the invention, high-SRI cementitioussystems for yellow and orange colored concrete coloring admixtures,toppings, dry-shake hardeners, and other cementitious systems areprovided. These high-SRI cementitious systems have yellow and orange IRreflective pigments. Preferably, the yellow and orange IR reflectivepigments have a minimum value of 65% reflectance at 1000 nm.

The yellow and orange IR reflective pigments that provide the desiredIR-reflective properties may include one or more of the followingpigments:

-   -   azo complexes, such as Bayfast Y5688 (Lanxess);    -   benzimidazolone blends, such as 1207 Rightfit™ Yellow 3G        (BASF-E);    -   chromium antimony titanate buff rutiles, commercially available        as pigment brown 24, such as Meteor® 7370 Yellow Buff (BASF-E),        Meteor® 7371 Yellow Buff (BASF-E), Meteor® 8380 Yellow Buff        Light (BASF-E), Meteor® Plus 9371 Yellow Buff, plastics        (BASF-E), Meteor® Plus 9375 Yellow Buff (BASF-E), Meteor® Plus        9377 Buff (BASF-E) Meteor® Plus 9379 FF Yellow Buff, High        Strength (BASF-E), Heucodur® Yellow 3R (Heubach), Heucodur®        Yellow 251 (Heubach), Heucodur® Yellow 252 (Heubach), Heucodur®        Yellow 254 (Heubach), Heucodur® Yellow 256 (Heubach) Heucodur®        Yellow 5R (Heubach), Heucodur® Yellow G 9202 (Heubach),        Heucodur® Yellow 6R (Heubach), Heucodur® Yellow 259 (Heubach),        Heucodur® Yellow 265 (Heubach), GEODE® 10411 Bright Golden        Yellow (Ferro); GEODE® 10415 Bright Golden Yellow (Ferro),        GEODE® 10657 Bright Golden Yellow (Ferro), GEODE® V-12112 Bright        Golden Yellow (Ferro), Yellow 196 (Shepherd), Yellow 10C272        (Shepherd) and Arctic® Yellow 10C272 (Shepherd), Yellow 10P270        (Shepherd), and 30C236 (Shepherd); Tipaque® Yellow TY-100        (Buff), TY-150, TY-200, TY-300 (Buff) and TY-400 (Buff), (ISK);    -   chromium tungsten titanium rutile, commercially available as        pigment yellow 163, such as 7383 Meteor® Orange (BASF-E), 9384        Meteor® Plus Red-Buff (BASF-E), 9385 Meteor® Plus Golden Buff        (BASF-E);    -   cobalt niobium titanium buff rutile, commercially available as        pigment yellow 221, such as Tipaque Yellow PF-1207 (ISK);    -   iron titanium brown spinel, commercially available as pigment        black 12, such as Yellow 20P296 (Shepherd);    -   o-dianisidine coupled with aceto-acetanilides, such as 2915        Orange (BASF-E);    -   dinitraniline coupled with beta-naphthols, such as 2916 Orange        (BASF-E);    -   insoindoline yellows, such as Paliotol™ Yellow L1820 (BASF-E),    -   o-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenylhydrazono)-α-aceto-2′-methoxyacetanilides,        such as 1244 Sunglow Yellow “Hansa yellow” (BASF-E);    -   monoarylide yellows, such as Sunfast® 272-6123 (Sun);    -   nickel antimony titanates, rutile symmetry crystal structures,        such as pigment yellow 53, such as 8320 Meteor® Yellow (BASF-E),        9350 Meteor® Plus Bright Golden Yellow (BASF-E), Heucodur®        Yellow HD 152 (Heubach), Heucodur® ^(PLUS) Yellow 150 (Heubach)        and Heucodur® ^(PLUS) Yellow 152 (Heubach), Heucodur® Yellow 156        (Heubach), Heucodur® Yellow 7G (Heubach), Heucodur® Yellow 8G        (Heubach), Heucodur® Yellow G 9082 (Heubach), Heucodur® ^(PLUS)        Yellow 8G (Heubach), GEODE® V-9415 Eclipse™ Yellow (Ferro),        GEODE® V-9416 Yellow (Ferro), Arctic 10C112 (Shepherd), 10G152        Yellow (Shepherd), Yellow 10P110 Yellow 30C119 (Shepherd),        Yellow Tipaque® Yellow TY-50 and TY-70 (ISK)    -   nickel antimony chromium titanate, rutile symmetry, commercially        available as pigment yellow 53, Heucodur® Yellow G 9116        (Heucotech)    -   nickel niobium titanium yellow rutile, commercially available as        pigment yellow 161, GEODE® V-9440 Yellow (Ferro),    -   nickel niobium buff rutile, commercially available as pigment        yellow 162, GEODE® V-12107 Sand Yellow (Ferro);    -   nickel tungsten titanate rutile, commercially available as        pigment yellow 189, 9304 Meteor® Plus Golden Yellow (BASF-E)    -   m-nitro-o-anisidine coupled with acetoacet-o-anisidines, such as        1237 Sunglow Yellow (BASF-E), Sunglow 1244 (BASF-E), and Sunglow        1241 SY (BASF-E);

Potassium cerium sulfides, such as Rhodia Neolor™ Orange S (Colorchem);pyrazolo-quinazolones, such as Paliotol™ 2930 HD Orange (BASF); andquinophthalone yellows, such as Paliotol™ Yellow L 0962 HD (BASF);

Zinc Ferrite, a temperature stable plastics grade CICP, commerciallyavailable as pigment yellow 119, such as Colortherm® 30 or Colortherm®3950 Yellow or Bayferrox® 950 Yellow (Lanxess);

In a preferred embodiment, a yellow high-SRI cementitious system isprovided. More preferably, the yellow concrete coloring admixtures,toppings, dry-shake hardeners, and other cementitious systems utilize ayellow IR reflective pigment including, Ferro V-9416 Yellow, Ferro 10411Bright Golden Yellow or for toppings only BASF Paliotol™ L0962HD Yellow.The most preferred yellow IR reflective pigment is Ferro GEODE® V-9416Yellow, used in a concrete coloring admixture, topping, dry-shakehardener, or other cementitious system, to achieve the highest possiblealbedo and SRI values.

Problems were encountered when evaluating Ciba Yellow 2GTA, a bismuthvanadate pigment. This pigment failed to disperse properly and showed anundue effect on workability of the topping systems and relatively poortint strength. The compressive strength and other mechanical propertiesof the topping system were also compromised by the use of this pigment.Another yellow pigment 1270 Diarylide Yellow BASF-E and equivalentdiarylide yellows from Sun were excluded because a topping specimen withthis pigment bleached after 6 months of exterior exposure to sunlightalthough the masked area did not bleach, indicating UV failure of thepigment in sunlight exposed area.

According to another embodiment of the invention, a high-SRIcementitious system for beige to brown concrete coloring admixtures,toppings, dry-shake hardeners, and other cementitious systems isprovided. These concrete coloring admixtures, toppings, dry-shakehardeners, and other cementitious systems have beige and brown IRreflective pigments. Preferably, the beige and brown IR reflectivepigments have a minimum value of 60% reflectance at 1000 nm.

The beige and brown IR reflective pigments that provide the desiredIR-reflective properties may include one or more of the followingpigments:

-   -   chrome antimony titanium buff rutiles and chrome antimony        titanium rutiles, commercially available as pigment brown 24,        8380 Meteor® Yellow Buff, Light (BASF-E), 9379 Meteor® FF Yellow        Buff (BASF-E), GEODE® V-9156 Autumn Gold (Ferro),    -   chromium iron oxide spinels, commercially available as pigment        brown 29, Black 411 (Shepherd), Heucodur® Brown 855 (Heubach),        Heucodur® Brown 869 (Heucotech),    -   chrome niobium buff rutiles, commercially available as pigment        yellow 162, GEODE® V-12107 Sand Yellow (Ferro);    -   manganese chromium antimony titanate rutile, commercially        available as pigment brown 40, such as Meteor® 7780 (zinc and        iron free) Brown,    -   chrome tungsten titanium buff rutiles, commercially available as        pigment yellow 163, 7383 Meteor® Orange (BASF-E), 9384 Meteor®        Red Buff (BASF-E), 9385 Meteor® Plus Golden Buff (BASF-E),        GEODE® V-12110 Deep Burnt Orange (Ferro);    -   iron chromite buff spinels, commercially available as pigment        brown 29, 9760 Meteor® Plus HS Brown (BASF-E) and 9770 Meteor®        Plus HS red Brown (BASF-E);    -   iron titanium brown spinels, commercially available as pigment        black 12, GEODE® 10358 Yellow Brown (Ferro), Brown 8 (Shepherd),        and Brown 20C819 (Shepherd);    -   manganese antimony titanium buff rutiles, commercially available        as pigment yellow 164, GEODE® 10550 Brown (Ferro), GEODE® 10364        Brown (Ferro), GEODE® V-12100 Iron Free Brown (Ferro), Brown 352        (Shepherd), Brown 10C873 (Shepherd), and Brown 352 (Shepherd),        9749 Meteor® Plus (red shade) Brown (BASF-E) and 9750 Meteor®        Plus (blue shade) Brown (BASF-E);    -   manganese chromium antimony titanium rutile, commercially        available as pigment brown 40, such as 7780 Meteor® Brown (iron        and zinc free) (BASF-E);    -   manganese tungsten titanium rutiles, commercially available as        pigment brown 45, 9730 Meteor® Plus High IR Brown (BASF-E);    -   zinc ferrite brown spinels, commercially available as pigment        yellow 119, GEODE® V-9115 Buff (Ferro) and GEODE® 10520 Deep Tan        (Ferro); and    -   zinc iron chromite brown spinels, commercially available as        pigment brown 33, GEODE® 10363 Dark Brown (Ferro), Brown 12        (Shepherd) and Brown 157 (Shepherd);    -   zinc manganese chromite spinel, commercially available as        pigment brown 39, such as 7739 Meteor® Light Brown (iron free)        (BASF-E);    -   manganese ferrite brown spinel, commercially available as        pigment brown 43, such as Bayferrox BF645-T (Lanxess);    -   manganese tungsten titanate rutile, commercially available as        pigment brown 45, such as 9730 Meteor® Plus High IR Brown;    -   buff colored impure rutile titanium dioxide pigment,        commercially available as pigment white 6:1, such as HITOX Std,        HITOX ULX and HITOX SF (TOR);    -   untreated version TIOPREM CW Beige, C Gray, C Brown or C Orange        impure rutile;    -   titanium dioxide pigment 6:1 with iron oxide blends,        commercially available as a blend of anatase pigment white 6:1,        and iron oxides TIOPREM (TOR) The commercial TIOPREM versions of        these pigments have zinc oxide surface treatment for coating use        and this ZnO treatment is undesirable for cementitious systems.

Bayferrox BF645-T is a dark brown pigment which can be formulated tohave a somewhat low but acceptable minimum SRI depending on dosage andusing blends with higher SRI pigments.

In addition, beige and brown IR reflective pigments may include all ofthe red orange and yellow color ranges listed above, as well aspigmentary anatase TiO₂ when lighter SRI restoring colors are requiredfor a particular application, and to provide the desired IR-reflectiveproperties.

In a preferred embodiment, brown and beige high-SRI IR reflectiveconcrete coloring admixtures, toppings, dry-shake hardeners, and othercementitious systems are provided. More preferably, the brown and beigeconcrete coloring admixtures, toppings, dry-shake hardeners, and othercementitious systems utilize manganese antimony titanium buff rutiles,more specifically, GEODE® 10550 Brown (Ferro), and optionally a chromeantimony buff rutile, more specifically, GEODE® 10411 Bright GoldenYellow (Ferro) and anatase to achieve a range of brown to beige colorswith high albedo and SRI values.

According to another embodiment of the invention, high-SRI cementitioussystems for green concrete coloring admixtures, toppings, dry-shakehardeners, and other cementitious systems are provided. These high-SRIcementitious systems have green IR reflective pigments. Preferably, thegreen IR reflective pigments have a minimum value of 60% reflectance at1000 nm.

The green IR reflective pigments that provide the desired IR-reflectiveproperties may include one or more of the following pigments:

-   -   chlorinated copper phthalocyanine greens, such as pigment green        7, many commercially available sources are known to those in the        art;    -   chromium green-black hematites, commercially available as        pigment green 17, such as GEODE® 10241 Eclipse™ IR (Forest)        Green (Ferro), 3955 Chrome Oxide Green (BASF-E);    -   chromium green-black modified pigments, such as GEODE® V-12650        Cool Colors™ Green (Ferro);    -   chromium oxides, commercially available as pigment green 17,        such as G-4099 Chromium oxide green (Elementis), Green 17        (Elementis), 3955 Chromium Green Oxide, (BASF-E);    -   cobalt chromite blue-green spinels, commercially available as        pigment blue 36, Green 187 B (Shepherd) and Green 201        (Shepherd);    -   cobalt chromite green spinels, commercially available as pigment        green 26, such as GEODE® V-12600 Camouflage Green (Ferro),        V-12604 Camouflage Green (Ferro), and Green 410 (Shepherd);    -   cobalt titanate green spinels, commercially available as pigment        green 50, such as 9444 Meteor® Plus Bright Green (BASF-E),        GEODE® V-11633 Kelly Green (Ferro), Green 10G663 (Shepherd),        Green 223 (Shepherd), Green 260 (Shepherd), Heucodur® Green 5G,        (Heubach), and 9444 Meteor® Plus Green, (BASF-E) and    -   cobalt nickel zinc aluminum titanate, commercially available as        pigment green 50, 9444 Meteor® Plus Green, (BASF-E) Heucodur®        Green 5G, (Heubach), Heucodur® Green 5600, (Heubach), Heucodur®        Green 654, (Heubach),    -   partially brominated (or halogenated) copper phthalocyanines,        such as pigment green 36, such as Green 36 (BASF) and Monolite        Green 860 (Heubach) and many other commercially available        sources are known to those in the art.

In a preferred embodiment, green high SRI IR reflective concretecoloring admixtures, toppings, dry-shake hardeners, and othercementitious systems are provided. More preferably, the green high SRIIR reflective concrete coloring admixtures, toppings, dry-shakehardeners, and other cementitious systems utilize a chromium green-blackhematite, such as Eclipse™ 10241 Green (Ferro) and optionally a cobalttitanate green spinel, such as V-11633 Kelly Green (Ferro), cobaltchromite green spinels, such as V-12600 Camo Green (Ferro) and V-12604Camo Green (Ferro), and chromium green-black modified, such as V-12650Cool Colors™ Green (Ferro) to achieve a range of green colors with highalbedo and SRI values. The most preferred green high SRI IR reflectiveconcrete coloring admixtures, toppings, dry-shake hardeners, and othercementitious systems use light green colors from cobalt chromite greenspinels, such as FerroV-12600 Camo Green to achieve the highest possiblealbedo and SRI values.

According to another embodiment of the invention high-SRI cementitioussystems for blue concrete coloring admixtures, toppings, dry-shakehardeners, and other cementitious systems r are provided. These high-SRIconcrete coloring admixtures, toppings, dry-shake hardeners, and othercementitious systems utilize blue IR reflective pigments. Preferably,the blue IR reflective pigments have a minimum value of 50% reflectanceat 1000 nm.

The blue IR reflective pigments that provide the desired IR-reflectiveproperties in the cementitious systems may include one or more of thefollowing pigments:

-   -   cobalt aluminate blue spinels, commercially available as pigment        blue 28, such as GEODE® V-9236 Blue (Ferro), GEODE® V 9250        Bright Blue (Ferro), GEODE® 10446 Bright Blue (Ferro), 300591        (Shepherd), Blue 300588 (Shepherd), Blue 214 (Shepherd), Blue        385 (Shepherd), Blue 424 (Shepherd), Blue 10K525 (Shepherd),        Blue 10G594 (Shepherd), 7540 Meteor® Plus Cobalt Blue (BASF-E),        and 9546 Meteor® Plus Cobalt Blue (BASF-E), Heucodur® Blue 550        (Heubach), Heucodur® Blue 552 (Heubach) and Heucodur® Blue 2R        (Heubach),    -   cobalt chromite blue-green spinels, commercially available as        pigment blue 36, such as GEODE® V-9242 Ocean Blue (Ferro),        GEODE® V-9248 Ocean Blue (Ferro), GEODE® F-5686 Turquoise        (Ferro), Blue 300527 (Shepherd), Blue 211 (Shepherd), Blue 212        (Shepherd), 9538 Meteor® Plus Blue G, (BASF-E) Heucodur® Blue        5-100 (Heubach), Heucodur® Blue 4G (Heubach), and Heucodur® Blue        555 (Heubach), Heucodur® Blue 559 (Heubach),    -   cobalt chromium aluminum spinel, commercially available as        pigment blue 36, 9538 Meteor® Plus Blue G (BASF-E),    -   cobalt chromium zinc aluminate spinels, commercially available        as pigment blue 36:1, such as 7590 Meteor® Cerulean Blue        (BASF-E),    -   cobalt lithium titanate green spinels, commercially available as        pigment green 50, such as 9530 Meteor® Plus Teal Blue (BASF-E),    -   copper phthalocyanine, commercially available as pigment blue        15:3 and pigment blue 15:1, pigment blue 15:2, pigment blue 15:3        and pigment blue 15:4, several manufacturers, such as BASF and        Heubach; and many other commercially available sources are known        to those in the art; and    -   indanthrones, commercially available as pigment blue 60, such as        Paliotol™ Blue L6495 F (BASF), Indanthrone Blue (BASF).

In a preferred embodiment, blue high-SRI IR reflective concrete coloringadmixtures, toppings, dry-shake hardeners, and other cementitioussystems are provided. More preferably, the blue IR reflectivecementitious systems are concrete coloring admixtures, toppings ordry-shake color hardeners that utilize blue-aqua IR Reflective pigments,including, cobalt chromite blue-green spinels, such as V-9248 Ocean Blue(Ferro), F5686 Turquoise (Ferro) and optionally cobalt aluminum spinels,such as V-9250 Bright Blue (Ferro), Ferro V-9236 Blue (Ferro), and 10446Bright Blue (Ferro) to achieve a range of blue to aqua colors with highalbedo and SRI values. The most preferred blue-aqua IR reflectivepigments are cobalt chromite blue-green spinels in blue-green colors,such as V-9248 Ocean Blue or F-5686 Turquoise to achieve the highestpossible albedo and SRI values.

According to another embodiment of the invention, high-SRI cementitioussystems for dark gray to light gray and pastel shades or white concretecoloring admixtures, toppings, dry-shake hardeners, and othercementitious systems for are provided. These high-SRI dark gray to lightgray and pastel shades or white use gray to white IR reflectivepigments. Preferably, the gray to white IR reflective pigments have aminimum value of 60% reflectance at 1000 nm.

The range of gray to white concrete coloring admixtures, IR reflectivepigments that provide the desired IR-reflective properties may includeone or more of any of the above referenced pigments but in generallylower dosage rates and in combination with untreated pigment orphotocatalytic grade anatase TiO₂ to provide SRI-restoring function uponexposure to UV radiation (from sunlight) and moisture. ThisSRI-restoring property is important in maintaining the high solarreflectivity (albedo) of the surface. The loss of SRI over time withlight colored pavements has been cited as a significant problem. Thisnovel use of anatase TiO₂ in pastels or even some dark concrete coloringadmixtures or cementitious systems for colored pavements can minimizethe loss of SRI over time. Variations of this SRI restoring functionwould include the use of photocatalytic (ultrafine) TiO₂, generally oflow tint-strength and/or non-pigmentary particle size anatase TiO₂ suchIshihara ST-01 or MC-50, ISK Ishihara, San Francisco, Calif. andAeroxide® TiO₂ P 25, Evonik Degussa Corporation, Alpharetta, Ga. orother microfine nano-sized TiO₂ anatase grades.

The loss of reflectivity of white, and even gray to a lesser extent,portland cement concrete over time has been reported, for example in,American Concrete Pavement Association, R & T Report, June 2005, wherewhite portland cement concrete is reported as having an albedo of0.70-0.80 when new, but dropping to 0.40-0.60 when aged. Ordinary grayportland cement concrete will also drop in reflectance over time.

Additional functional fillers include white metakaolin, such as BurgessOptipozz® (Burgess Pigments, Sandersville, Ga.), BASF Metamax® (BASF-E),Metastar® 450 (Imerys Corporation, Atlanta, Ga.) and various whitediatomaceous earth products such as Diafil® 2000 or Celite® forConcrete, C4C, (World Minerals, Lompoc, Calif.). The incorporation ofbarium sulfate increases the albedo of the surface material whileenabling use of darker IR reflective pigments since it has low tintstrength. Elotex® ERA 100 (National Starch Corp., Bridgewater, N.J.), anefflorescence reducing admixture, was also found to reduce the effectsof white discoloration of dark colored IR reflective systems. Otherfillers such as nepheline syenite (Minex, a Unimin product), aluminumtrihydroxide or tabular alumina (Almatis), white quartz (Unimin, NewCanaan, Conn.), calcium carbonate (Omya or Imerys) and white ceramicmicrospheres (Zeeospheres®, white grades, 3M Corp, Minneapolis, Minn.),Vitrified Calcium Aluminosilicate, VCAS®, (Vitro Minerals, Atlanta, Ga.)and White Silica Fume (Elkem Materials, Pittsburgh, Pa. or TechnicalSilica, Atlanta, Ga.) can be used to improve the overall reflectivity ofcementitious materials.

In a preferred embodiment, gray, light gray, dark gray and bright whitehigh-SRI IR reflective concrete coloring admixtures, toppings, dry-shakehardeners, and other cementitious systems are provided. More preferably,the gray, light gray, dark gray and bright white high-SRI IR reflectiveconcrete coloring admixtures, toppings, dry-shake hardeners, and othercementitious systems utilize IR reflective pigments in the a dark grayto white color range. Such systems may include pigments and pigmentblends such as:

infrared reflective black pigments, a proprietary composition such asGEODE 10202 Eclipse™ Black (Ferro);

chromium green-black hematites, commercially available as pigment green17, such as V-775 Cool Colors™ IR Brown Black (Ferro);

pigmentary anatase white; and

chrome antimony titanium buff rutiles, commercially available as pigmentbrown 24, such as 10411 Golden Yellow (Ferro).

Light colors, such as light gray may be made with anatase TiO₂ and oneor more IR reflective black pigments or pastel colors with anatase TiO₂and other IR reflective pigments normally in white portland cementconcretes or mortars. These cementitious systems offer the highest TSR(albedo) and SRI values that can be achieved with the technologydescribed herein. The anatase TiO₂ has been determined to provide an SRIrestoring characteristic, upon exposure to UV light and moisture, thatwill help to maintain the high TSR (albedo) and SRI of the surface whenexposed to soiling from soot, dirt, plant matter and other stainingmaterials.

White portland cement is preferred for formulating the high-albedo IRreflective cementitious toppings and dry-shake hardeners of theinvention. Since these cementitious toppings and dry-shake hardenersonly color the top ⅛ to ½ inch of the treated concrete and they are avery cost effective way to use commonly available gray portland cementconcrete and still provide very high albedo or SRI and also achievecolors that cannot normally be made in gray concrete such as brightyellow or white.

Secar™ 71 (Kerneos™, Chesapeake, Va.) or Almatis CA25 (Almatis Alumina,Leetsdale, Pa.), white calcium aluminate cements, can be used as well insome formulations.

White portland cement can be used in all of these high albedo andhigh-SRI topping or high SRI dry-shake hardener formulations as will beunderstood by those of skill in the art by reference to this disclosure.Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Cement (GGBFS), or simply slagcement, is also light in color and can be blended and used inhigh-albedo toppings and dry-shake hardeners, however, early strengthsmay be reduced significantly but ultimate strengths will generally behigher. Alkali activated slag cement can also be used to overcome thelow early strength issues.

According to the invention, the infrared reflective pigments are used inhigh-SRI cementitious systems, such as concrete coloring admixtures, orother compositions containing a cementitious matrix, such as dry-shakehardeners, concrete toppings, or concrete coloring composition.

In one embodiment, the infrared reflective pigments are used in ahigh-SRI cementitious system comprising a concrete coloring admixture.According to this embodiment, one or more infrared reflective pigmentsare used as integral pigmenting SRI compliant products and can be eitherpackaged in dry form or in liquid form. Preferably, the concretecoloring admixtures of the invention comprise one or more infraredreflective pigments and a water reducing agent. The concrete coloringadmixtures are further used an in integral concrete coloring system,where the concrete coloring admixture is combined with a portland cementconcrete. The concrete coloring admixture can be used with gray portlandcement concrete but can be also used with white portland cement concreteto provide very high SRI and clean, vibrant colors that are notcommercially available by use of the same colors with gray portlandcement concrete.

According to another embodiment, the infrared reflective pigments areused in a high-SRI cementitious system comprising a dry-shake hardener.According to this embodiment, one or more infrared reflective pigmentsare combined with a cementitious matrix to form a high SRI dry-shakecolor hardener. Preferably, the dry-shake color hardener is formulatedfrom one or more infrared reflective pigments, and other cementitiousmaterials, such as cement, admixtures, and select graded silicaaggregates (sands). As is known in the art, dry-shake color hardenerproducts are applied to freshly-placed concrete by broadcasting thematerial evenly over a wet concrete surface, allowing wet-out, thenworking the applied material into the surface and then finishing theconcrete normally.

According to another embodiment, the infrared reflective pigments areused in a high-SRI cementitious system comprising a cement topping.According to this embodiment, one or more infrared reflective pigmentsare combined with a cementitious matrix to form a high SRI cementitioustopping. The high SRI cementitious toppings can be used as a thin (up to½ inch) application to hardened concrete. Preferably, the high SRItoppings are formulated from one or more infrared reflective pigmentsand other cementitious materials, such as cements, pozzolans,redispersible polymers, fine aggregates, fillers, and admixtures. Thehigh SRI cementitious toppings may be comprised of a base and a colorpack which are mixed with water and are typically spread or sprayed ontoexisting concrete and then troweled, broomed or imprinted to the desiredsurface texture.

According to another embodiment, the infrared reflective pigments areused in a high-SRI cementitious system comprising a concrete coloringcomposition. According to this embodiment, one or more infraredreflective pigments are combined with a cementitious matrix to form ahigh SRI concrete coloring composition. The concrete coloringcomposition may be prepared in dry form with the final mixing water tobe added by the end user. According to this embodiment, other materialsof the final product such as aggregate may also be added to thecementitious system by the end user, or may be pre-packaged with theother components of the cementitious system according to the invention.Such coloring compositions include prepackaged dry concrete mixtures forapplication to poured concrete in a two-course construction method orfor other conventional cast-in-place concrete, lightweight concrete, andpervious concrete.

According to another embodiment, the infrared reflective pigments areused to make high-SRI conventional cast-in-place concrete. According tothis embodiment, the conventional (i.e., normal) cast-in-place concreteis formulated by others from cementitious materials including one ormore: cements, coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, and othercementitious materials such as pozzolans, fillers, fly ash, slag,admixtures, coloring admixtures. The IR reflective pigments according tothe invention are added to conventional cast-in-place concrete productsby the end user to create a high-SRI conventional cast-in-placeconcrete. The high-SRI conventional concrete is then placed andconsolidated according to known practices in the concrete industry. Thehigh-SRI cast-in-place concrete may then be finished according tostandard industry practices, which include but are not limited to atrowel finish or broom finish of the concrete surface, or by imprintingthe surface in a multitude of available patterns to provide the desiredsurface texture.

According to another embodiment, the infrared reflective pigments areused to make high-SRI lightweight concrete, i.e., concrete having anin-place density between about 90 to about 115 lb/ft³, as compared tonormal weight concrete which has a density between about 140 to 150lb/ft³. Structural lightweight concrete can be used to reduce the deadload of a building structure. When the high SRI infrared reflectivepigments according to the invention are used in a lightweight concrete,the result of the concrete coloring admixtures provides increased albedoand SRI, resulting in a “cool” concrete, which also is aestheticallypleasing, and is a desirable building material. According to thisembodiment, the high-SRI lightweight concrete is formulated by othersfrom cementitious materials including one or more: cements, lightweightor normal weight coarse aggregates, lightweight fine aggregates and/orregular weight fine aggregates, and other cementitious materials such aspozzolans, fillers, fly ash, slag, preformed foam in some cases,admixtures and one or more infrared reflective pigments of thisinvention. The high-SRI lightweight concrete products may be comprisedof a concrete mixture and a high SRI concrete coloring admixture, ineither dry or slurry form containing IR reflective pigments according tothe invention. The high-SRI lightweight concrete is then placed,consolidated, finished and cured according to known techniques in theconcrete industry.

According to another embodiment, the infrared reflective pigments areused to make a high-SRI pervious concrete, i.e., concrete having atypical infiltration rate of water through the concrete normally about 3gal/ft²/min to about 8 gal/ft²/min, and in extreme cases up to about 17gal/ft²/min. The use of pervious concrete in sidewalks and paths, whichhas a high flow rate of water through it, allows rainfall to be capturedin the concrete where it can percolate into the ground, reducingstorm-water runoff, recharging groundwater, and supporting sustainableconstruction. When high-SRI pervious concrete is used according to theinvention with IR reflective pigments, an aesthetically pleasingsolution for construction that is sensitive to environmental concerns isprovided. Further, combining high SRI with pervious concrete may alsohelp pavement owners comply with EPA stormwater regulations byaddressing rainwater on-site. According to this embodiment, high-SRIpervious concrete may be formulated using the same materials asconventional concrete, with the exception that the fine aggregate istypically greatly reduced or eliminated entirely. The size distribution(grading) of the coarse aggregate is also kept narrow (gap graded),which allows for open channel pervious aggregate packing. Accordingly,the high-SRI pervious concrete materials include one or more: cements,narrow (gap) graded coarse aggregate, a limited fine aggregatecomponent, and other cementitious materials such as pozzolans, fillers,fly ash, slag, admixtures and one or more infrared reflective pigments.The high-SRI pervious concrete after mixing is then placed,consolidated, finished and cured according to known practices in theconcrete industry.

According to another embodiment, the infrared reflective pigments can becan be used in cementitious construction materials, such as precaststructural concrete panels, beams and tilt-up wall panels to makehigh-SRI cementitious construction materials. According to thisembodiment, the infrared reflective pigments may be added tocementitious building materials as a concrete coloring admixture, or maybe integrally contained in a cementitious building material.

According to another embodiment, high-SRI dry-shake hardeners can beapplied to the top surface of freshly-placed concrete tilt-up panels andthe panels can be erected using a reverse lift procedure to put the highSRI panel face to the exterior of the tilt-up building, thereby reducingheat absorption by the walls of the structure, saving energy andreducing the “heat island effect”, and/or adding an aestheticallypleasing color to the structure.

According to another embodiment, high-SRI cementitious toppings can beused to coat fully cured and hardened building exterior surfaces toachieve the same desirable characteristics as the dry-shake hardeners onfreshly placed concrete.

According to another embodiment of the invention, a high-SRIcementitious system can be applied in a two-course construction method,such as adding a second, colored, high-SRI layer to a base concrete thatis either in the plastic or hardened state. Concrete masonry units,insulating concrete forms, removable forms (cast-in-place), pre-cast andtilt-up panel systems, pavers, and beams may be colored with a high-SRIcementitious system of the invention, so that the sun exposed surfacesstay cooler than the equivalent colors made with conventionallypigmented similar systems.

The infrared reflective pigments can also be used in high-SRIcementitious systems applied to building surfaces, such as concrete usedas a stucco or shotcrete application. According to this embodiment, thehigh-SRI cementitious system comprises one or more infrared reflectivepigments and a cementitious matrix. The high-SRI cementitious system canbe applied to wood, steel, polystyrene, or any other surface thatconcrete can be adhered to. The high-SRI cementitious material may besprayed or troweled onto the surface, and the surface can be trowelledsmooth or texturized while the material is still wet, as will beunderstood by those of skill in the art by reference to this disclosure.

ASTM C 979 Standard Specification for Pigments for Integrally ColoredConcrete is the applicable standard in the architectural concreteindustry and is widely cited in specifications and elsewhere. Manyconventional iron oxides, cobalt spinels and chromium (III) oxidepigments were tested for C979 and were found to comply, but many ofthese pigments lack the required IR reflectivity needed to producehigh-SRI cementitious systems. Testing for C979 compliance is difficult,time consuming and expensive.

The combinations of materials used to produce test representative testspecimens in the laboratory for the high-SRI cementitious systemsaccording to the invention, required extensive testing and produced manyfailures along with some successful formulations. Evaluation of all ofthe effects of combining the candidate pigments with other components ofthe high-SRI concrete coloring admixtures, dry shake-hardeners,toppings, and other high-SRI cementitious systems to maintain afunctional product that would produce the desired qualities in aneconomical manner has been done or will be done to produce the inventiondescribed herein. This testing is well beyond that required for ASTM C979 conformity.

In addition to the extensive testing and screening of pigment candidatesnoted above, certain materials are included in the invention to providespecific benefits: (1) Anatase TiO₂ light to medium colored cementitioussystems provides a means to photo-catalytically help to maintain SRI (oralbedo), a novel concept in colored concrete, cementitious hardeners,topping systems, concrete integral colorants; (2) High-SRI fillers suchas metakaolins can provide increased SRI when incorporated intoformulations or when used to replace other less reflective pozzolanicmaterials such as flyash or dark colored silica fume; and (3) Bariumsulfate, a high-SRI, low tint strength white pigment/filler can also becarefully used in darker colored formulated cementitious materials whereits effects are controlled.

Further, general knowledge of pigments as related to coatingstechnology, a field of knowledge familiar to many, did not prove to haveany significant relevance to developing the high-SRI cementitioussystems and their compatible high SRI pigment components. In general, IRreflective pigments that are made to disperse well in coatings werefound to wash out of the high-SRI cementitious systems and risk trackingto adjacent areas, an unacceptable situation in the marketplace. Thereare many significant differences in a polymer binder systems used incoatings and in the cementitious binder systems described in thisdisclosure.

The compositions, cementitious systems, and methods according to theinvention, including high-SRI integrally colored concrete admixtures,toppings, dry-shake color hardeners, and other high-SRI cementitioussystems may include other materials or other modifications as necessaryto increase the IR reflectance and to allow higher application rates fordry-shake color-hardeners, and are not limited by the foregoing examplesas will be understood by those of skill in the art by reference to thisdisclosure.

EXAMPLES General Procedure for Obtaining Spectral Data

Spectral data were obtained using a Shimadzu UV-3101PC UV-Vis-NIRScanning Spectrophotometer Serial Number A102841000152, equipped with a150 mm hemispherical (diffuse) reflectance integrating sphere using a D₂light source from 220-360 nm and halogen lamp from 360-2500 nm alongwith photomultiplier tube (PMT) detection from 220-830 nm and PbSdetection from 830-2500 nm.

Example 1 The Solar Insolation Spectrum

FIG. 1 shows the solar insolation spectrum, at air mass 1.5, zenithangle=48.13°, (typical of the contiguous US) curve from E891 data, hasdirect irradiance values of approximately 3% in the UV (<400 nm) region,approximately 37% in the visible (400-700 nm) region, approximately58.5% in the near infrared (701-2500 nm) region and approximately 1.5%in the mid infrared (>2500 nm) region. ASTM E903 refers to E 89150-point selected ordinate method for albedo computations.

These UV, V is, NIR percentages differ from other sources, such as thoseused by LBNL with E 892 data, 37° tilt, air mass 1.5 and zenith angle48.13°, which have reported values of approximately 5% in the UV, 43% inthe Visible, and 52% in the NIR while omitting the 1.3% in the regionabove 2500 nm. ASHRAE 2005 reports these percentages as 3% in theultraviolet, 47% in the visible and 50% in the infrared without statingthe wavelength ranges.

Example 2 Black Infrared Reflective Pigments

FIG. 2A is a graph showing conventional black pigments and IR reflectiveblack pigments according to the invention. As shown in FIG. 2A, thereflectance of the black pigments is plotted as % reflectance vs.wavelength from 220 to 2500 nm. The conventional black pigments, ironoxide black and carbon black (Raven H₂O, Columbian Chemicals, Marietta,Ga.), both of which are in white portland cement mortar (topping) havevery low reflectance across the whole spectrum (220 to 2500 nm) andrepresent conventional technology. However, as shown in FIG. 2A, the IRreflective pigment system according to the invention using Ferro'sGEODE® V-775 and Eclipse™ 10202 in white portland cement mortar(topping), although not nearly as high intensity or jetness as theconventional systems, provide near black colors and excellent overallreflectivity in the IR region. As also shown in FIG. 2A, the IRreflective pigment system according to the invention using peryleneblack is comparable to the conventional system using carbon black inintensity, yet provides fair albedo and SRI values that could be matchedwith other higher albedo or SRI colors to meet minimum TSR (albedo) orSRI requirements as needed.

FIG. 2B is a graph showing the reflected solar energy of conventionalblack pigments and IR reflective black pigments according to theinvention. As shown in FIG. 2B, the reflected energy is plotted asenergy reflected in watts×m⁻²×um⁻¹ for each wavelength range. The curveswith higher reflectivity in the IR range show similar peaks and valleysas the solar irradiance in FIG. 1 but with much lower values. This chartindicates the significant difference in the spectra of the subjectsystems with conventional iron oxide black (magnetite) and carbon blackcompared to the IR reflective CICP spinels and perylene black, anorganic pigment. It is noted that the carbon black and iron oxide blackare of higher tint strength and can produce a higher jetness black, ascompared to perylene black. The CICP IR reflective black systems cannotachieve this level of jetness. Colors such as conventional iron oxideblack or carbon black have very low visible and NIR region reflectance,typically 5-10%, so most of the visible region and the infrared regionis absorbed and converted to temperature rise. The IR reflective blacksystems are much cooler in sunlight exposure due to their ability toreflect a sizable portion of the solar insolation at wavelengths from700 to 2500 nm, the near IR range.

Table 2 below provides the reflectance of each of the black systems at1000 nm and a value of 40% minimum was selected as pass/fail criteria.The E1980 Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) was calculated using theLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory SRI Calculator Tool by R. Levensonfrom the TSR calculated from the spectral data and ASTM E 903 and E 891for each mixture. This SRI assumes that concrete and like cementitiousmaterials have a thermal emittance (ε) of 0.9 (using an average value inthe typical range for concrete from 0.85 to 0.95). As a rough comparisonthe carbon black in white or gray portland cement mortar (PCM) has anSRI of 0 which would have a steady state temperature much higher thanthat of IR reflective Ferro Eclipse™ 10202 Black in WPCM which has anSRI of 45. The CIE L*a*b* color values are also included in this tableas well. The L* value represents the lightness or darkness and thecarbon black specimen appears to be strongly black with a low L* value.The a* value indicates red (+) or green (−) and the b* value indicatesyellow (+) or blue (−). It should be noted that the carbon black in PCMis comparable to fresh asphalt pavement with a typical albedo value of0.05 per the Ready Mixed Concrete Industry LEED Reference Guide.

TABLE 2 Black Cementitious Systems Data Table IR Reflective Systems &Controls % Reflectance LBNL D65 10° CIE Black Pigment at 1000 nm CalcL*a*b* Color Description (40% minimum) SRI % L* a* b* Conventional Black9.35 6 37.38 0.17 −0.27 Iron Oxide WPCM* Conventional Carbon 4.67 025.97 −0.10 1.02 Black WPCM IR Reflective Ferro 40.95 38 48.39 0.25−2.53 V-775 Black WPCM IR Reflective Eclipse 64.08 45 43.61 1.52 0.5610202 WPCM IR Reflective 42.55 24 28.38 −0.88 −0.60 (Perylene) BlackWPCM *WPCM = made with white portland cement mortar

Example 3 Red Infrared Reflective Pigments

FIG. 3A is a graph showing the spectral reflectance of conventional redpigments and infrared reflective red pigments of the invention. As shownin FIG. 3A, the reflectance of the red pigments is plotted as percentreflectance vs. wavelength from 220 to 2500 nm. This chart indicatesthat improvements in reflectance can be achieved by selection of a redIR reflective pigment in a topping system or in a dry-shake hardenersystem. There are significantly lower reflectances for the conventionalred integrally-colored mortars, the specimen labeled Tile Red made withgray portland cement as well as the Quarry Red gray portland cementmortar both of which would be typical of the prior art technology.

FIG. 3B is a graph showing the reflected solar energy of conventionalred pigments and infrared reflective red pigments of the invention. Asshown in FIG. 3B, the reflected energy of the red pigments is plotted asreflected solar energy in watts×m⁻²×um⁻¹ for each wavelength range. Thischart indicates significant differences in the reflected solar energy ofthe Tile Red and the Quarry Red both in gray portland cement compared tothe IR reflective systems based on Ferro's V-13810 and Rhodia's Neolar™Red S in white portland cement mortars.

Table 3 below, as in Table 2 above, shows the data for the red coloredsystems, and provides the reflectance of each specimen at 1000 nm and avalue of 50% minimum was selected as pass/fail criteria. The ASTM E 1980SRI values are calculated and the L*a*b* color values for the redcolored systems are reported. The SRI values of the Tile Red and QuarryRed in gray portland are just over the minimum LEED SRI requirement of29%. The IR-reflective formulations with Ferro V-13810 and RhodiaNeolor™ Red S allow an increase in SRI of 20-25%, perhaps enough toqualify for an exemplary credit under the LEED system.

TABLE 3 Red Cementitious Systems Data Table Red Controls and IR RedSystems % Reflectance LBNL D65 10° CIE Red Pigment @ 1000 nm Calc L*a*b*Color Description (50% Minimum) SRI L* a* b* Conventional Tile 39.84 3346.18 26.68 16.68 Red GPCM** Conventional Quarry 38.47 31 45.73 27.4917.59 Red GPCM IR Reflective Ferro 73.45 58 53.16 31.61 23.08 V-13810WPCM IR Reflective Neolor 79.70 66 49.86 34.23 15.99 Red S WPCM **GPCM =made with gray portland cement mortar

Example 4 Yellow Infrared Reflective Pigments

FIG. 4A is a graph showing the spectral reflectance of conventionalyellow pigments and infrared reflective yellow pigments of theinvention. As shown in FIG. 4A, the reflectance of the yellow pigmentsis plotted as percent reflectance vs. wavelength from 220 nm to 2500 nm.The use of conventional iron oxide yellow pigment in a gray portlandcement shifts the yellow to a greenish color that is not veryreflective. Normally the iron oxide yellow could provide moderate IRreflectivity in a white portland cement mortar, but the use of IRreflective pigments in the subject toppings and dry-shake hardeners willprovide significant improvements in albedo and SRI and will also providea more pleasing, cleaner and brighter range of yellow colors.

FIG. 4B is a graph showing the reflected solar energy of conventionalyellow pigments and infrared reflective yellow pigments of theinvention. As shown in FIG. 4B, the reflected energy of the yellowpigments is plotted as reflected solar energy in watts per square metreper μm for each wavelength range from 220 nm to 2500 nm. This chartillustrates the improvement that is possible with proper yellow IRreflective pigment selection.

Table 4 below, as in Table 2 above, shows the data for the yellowsystems, and provides the reflectance at 1000 nm, with a value of 65%selected as the pass/fail criteria. The computed SRI values and themeasured L*a*b* color values for the yellow colored systems arereported. The conventional yellow iron oxide in white portland cementcan provide a fairly good albedo and SRI values, however, these valuescan be increased by 5-15% by selecting a more IR reflective yellowsystem.

TABLE 4 Yellow Cementitious Systems Data Table IR Reflective Systems %Reflectance & Control @ 1000 nm LBNL D65 10° CIE Yellow Pigment (65%Calc L*a*b* Color Description Minimum) SRI L* a* b* Conventional Iron37.75 42 65.71 2.21 23.64 Oxide Yellow GPCM*** Conventional IronWPCM61.30 66 81.13 7.46 31.95 Oxide Yellow IR Reflective Yellow 76.49 8484.84 −1.77 26.42 Ferro V-9416 WPCM IR Reflective Yellow 72.01 73 77.906.29 38.62 Ferro 10411 WPCM ***Conventional iron oxide yellow in grayportland cement is a greenish-yellow shade and is not very bright. Whiteportland cement is required to provide a bright yellow.

Example 5 Brown And Beige Infrared Reflective Pigments

FIG. 5A is a graph showing the spectral reflectance of conventionalbeige pigments and infrared reflective brown and beige pigments of theinvention. FIG. 5A shows the reflectance of the conventional beigeDesert Sand is in gray portland cement (mortar/topping) because that isthe way it is normally done. The IR-reflective Ferro 10550 brown is alsoa beige color but is in white portland cement. The reflectance curves inIR region demonstrate the value of using the IR reflective pigments inwhite portland cement systems over conventional pigments in a grayportland cement system.

FIG. 5B is a graph showing the reflected solar energy of conventionalbeige pigments and infrared reflective brown and beige pigments of theinvention. As shown in FIG. 5B, the conventional pigments used toachieve brown or beige colors, such as Desert Sand made with iron oxidesand gray portland cement will result in reductions of solar reflectivityas compared to gray portland cement concrete. However, the spectrum ofIR reflective CICP pigments, such as Ferro 10550 Brown and the beigecolors provide very good solar reflectivity. Further, adding Ferro 10411Bright Golden Yellow and Anatase to the Ferro 10550 Brown in variousratios, combines to provide a range of clean beige colors with both highalbedo and SRI characteristics. Accordingly, infrared pigments of theinvention may be combined to produce unique colors, which also have highalbedo and SRI.

Table 5 below, as in Table 2 above, shows the data for the Beige (Brown)systems, and provides the reflectance at 1000 nm, with a value of 60%minimum selected as pass/fail criteria. The computed SRI values and themeasured L*a*b* color values for the beige (brown) colored systems arereported. This table indicates that the albedo and/or SRI can be morethan doubled by using an IR reflective system (dry-shake color hardeneror topping).

TABLE 5 Beige (Brown) Cementitious Systems Data Table IR Reflective %Reflectance Systems & Control @ 1000 nm LBNL D65 10° CIE Brown-Beige(60% Calc L*a*b* Color Pigment Description Minimum) SRI L* a* b*Conventional Desert 23.80 24 52.00 6.73 10.46 Sand Medium Beige GPCM IRReflective Ferro 68.68 56 56.63 8.74 7.76 10550 Brown WPCM IR ReflectiveDark Beige 73.10 66 65.40 7.03 7.76 Blend WPCM IR Reflective Medium74.01 70 70.15 5.84 8.26 Beige Blend WPCM IR Reflective Light 74.18 7877.72 3.73 8.82 Beige Blend WPCM

Example 6 Infrared Reflective Green Pigments

FIG. 6A is a graph showing the spectral reflectance of conventionalgreen pigments and infrared reflective green pigments of the invention.As shown in FIG. 6A, conventional green chromium oxide in gray portlandcement is fair in reflectivity across the NIR range. However, greenIR-reflective pigments in white portland cement provide significantimprovements in the NIR range. The spectrum of Ferro V-12600 Camo Greenshows the typical cobalt trough absorbing strongly from about 1200 to1800 nm, but it still provides better overall reflectivity than grayportland cement concrete with conventional chromium oxide pigment.

FIG. 6B is a graph showing the reflected solar energy of conventionalgreen pigments and infrared reflective green pigments of the invention.As shown in FIG. 6B, conventional green chromium oxide in gray portlandcement has the lowest solar energy reflected. The effect of the typicalcobalt trough in the V-12600 spectra from 1.200 to 1.800 μm does notimpact the value very much due to the low solar intensity in thisspectral range (FIG. 1).

Table 6 below, as in Table 2 above, shows the data for the greensystems, providing the reflectance at 1000 nm, with a value of 60%minimum selected as pass/fail criteria. The computed SRI values and themeasured L*a*b* color values are reported. This table indicates that insome cases the albedo (TSR) can almost be doubled and the SRI can bedoubled in all cases although the green color is noted to be generallyless intense with the IR reflective systems.

TABLE 6 Green Cementitious Systems Data Table IR Reflective Systems &Control % Reflectance LBNL D65 10° CIE Green Pigment @ 1000 nm CalcL*a*b* Color Description (60% Minimum) SRI L* a* b* Conventional 35.8131 55.53 −10.23 11.17 Chrome Oxide Green GPCM IR Reflective Green 74.3466 71.09 −13.54 3.17 Ferro Camo V-12600 WPCM IR Reflective Green 72.3462 62.28 −5.60 9.56 Ferro V-12650 WPCM IR Reflective Ferro 70.28 6264.93 −10.62 10.77 Green Eclipse 10241 WPCM

Example 7 Infrared Reflective Blue Pigments

FIG. 7A is a graph showing the spectral reflectance of conventional bluepigments and infrared reflective blue pigments of the invention. Asshown in FIG. 7A, the conventional blue pigment falls significantlybelow the IR reflective pigments in the visual and NIR wavelengthranges, indicating that the IR reflective systems can improve the albedo(TSR) and SRI over what can be achieved in like cementitious systemsusing conventional cobalt blue pigments.

FIG. 7B is a graph showing the reflected solar energy of conventionalblue pigments and infrared reflective blue pigments of the invention. Asshown in FIG. 7B, the conventional blue pigments used in concrete arecobalt blues, either cobalt chromite or cobalt aluminate spinels. Thereare some differences in the IR reflectance and visible reflectance ofthese commercial blue pigments, e.g. Shepherd 10K525, and the IRreflective blue pigments. All of these cobalt blue pigments exhibit thetypical cobalt trough, a strong absorbance from about 1,200 to 1,800 μm.

Table 7 below, as in Table 2 above, shows the data for the blue systems,and provides the reflectance at 1000 nm with a value of 50% minimumselected as pass/fail criteria. The computed SRI values and the measuredL*a*b* color values for the blue systems are reported. The blue systemschart indicates that the although conventional blue pigment in a whiteportland cement system can provide fairly good albedo (TSR) and SRI, useof an IR reflective blue or blue-green pigment can provide significantlybetter albedo (TSR) and SRI values.

TABLE 7 Blue Cementitious Systems Data Table IR Reflective % ReflectanceSystems & Controls @ 1000 nm LBNL D65 10° CIE Blue Pigment (50% CalcL*a*b* Color Description Minimum) SRI L* a* b* Conventional Blue 21.2447 50.44 −5.10 −32.35 Shepherd 10K525 WPCM IR Reflective Bright 51.40 7472.78 −7.55 −19.75 Blue V-9250 WPCM IR Reflective Ocean 52.70 67 69.38−17.46 −16.94 Blue V-9248 WPCM IR Reflective Blue- 54.20 62 53.68 26.34−7.07 Green Ferro F-5686 WPCM

Example 8 Gray and White Infrared Reflective Pigments

FIG. 8A is a graph showing the spectral reflectance of gray portlandcement concrete and infrared reflective gray and white pigments of theinvention. In FIG. 8A, the gray portland cement concrete reflectancespectra is compared to a similar concrete gray color of IR reflectivewhite portland cement mortar, IR Light Gray and IR Dark Gray and BrightWhite Anatase-pigmented white portland cement mortar. The gray and whiteinfrared reflective pigments of the invention show a greater percentreflectance across the majority of the spectrum.

FIG. 8B is a graph showing the reflected solar energy of gray portlandcement concrete and infrared reflective gray and white pigments of theinvention. In FIG. 8B, the solar reflected energy of the gray portlandcement concrete is compared to a similar IR reflective concrete graycolored WPCM, IR Reflective Light Gray WPCM, IR Reflective Dark GrayWPCM, and IR Reflective Bright White WPCM. The gray and white pigmentsof the invention show greater reflected solar energy than gray portlandcement concrete.

Table 8 below, as in Table 2 above, shows the data for the gray-whitesystems, and provides the reflectance at 1000 nm, with a value of 60%minimum selected as pass/fail criteria. The computed SRI values and themeasured L*a*b* color values for the gray-white systems are reported.This table indicates that an IR-reflective color similar to grayportland cement concrete can provide a measurable improvement in TSR(albedo) and SRI over conventional gray portland cement concrete andthat IR Reflective Light and Dark Gray WPCMs can provide improvements inSRI over what is possible with gray portland cement concrete. The IRReflective Anatase Bright White WPCM is the highest overall TSR (albedo)and SRI of any of the tested systems, although the IR reflective YellowFerro V-9416 in FIG. 6A is very close to the anatase values.

TABLE 8 Gray, White Cementitious Systems Data Table IR Reflective %Reflectance Systems & Controls @ 1000 nm LBNL D65 10° CIE Gray, White orPigment (60% Calc L*a*b* Color Description Minimum) SRI L* a* b*Ordinary Gray Portland 33.22 36 61.72 −0.09 4.66 Cement Concrete NoPigment IR Reflective Gray 68.30 57 61.72 0.25 7.85 Portland CementColored WPCM IR Reflective Light Gray 70.84 68 76.80 0.54 1.95(Anatase + V-775) WPCM IR Reflective Dark Gray 68.72 47 57.83 0.07 −2.59(BaSO4 + V-775) WPCM IR Reflective Bright 72.63 86 87.03 1.12 5.58 WhiteAnatase WPCM

Although the present invention has been discussed in considerable detailwith reference to certain preferred embodiments, other embodiments arepossible. Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should not belimited to the description of preferred embodiments contained herein.

1. A method of preparing a high-SRI colored concrete using a high-SRIcementitious system the method comprising: (a) providing components of acementitious system comprising a cementitious matrix or concretecoloring admixture; (b) combining an infrared reflective pigmentcomposition with the cementitious system to form the high-SRIcementitious system, wherein the infrared reflective pigment compositioncomprises: one or more infrared reflective pigments selected from thegroup consisting of: black infrared reflective pigments having a percentreflectance at 1000 nanometers of at least 40%, red infrared reflectivepigments having a percent reflectance at 1000 nanometers of at least60%; orange to yellow infrared reflective pigments having a percentreflectance at 1000 nanometers of at least 65%; beige to brown infraredreflective pigments having a percent reflectance at 1000 nanometers ofat least 60%; green infrared reflective pigments having a percentreflectance at 1000 nanometers of at least 60%; blue infrared reflectivepigments having a percent reflectance at 1000 nanometers of at least50%; gray to white infrared reflective pigments having a percentreflectance at 1000 nanometers of at least 60%; and combinationsthereof, wherein the percent reflectance at 1000 nm is measured in whiteportland cement, and wherein the infrared reflective pigments arecompliant with ASTM C979; and (c) applying the high-SRI cementitioussystem to a concrete to form the high-SRI colored concrete, wherein thehigh-SRI cementitious system has an SRI value of at least 29 SRI units,and wherein the high-SRI cementitious system is selected from the groupconsisting of a topping, a dry-shake color hardener, and an integralconcrete coloring admixture.
 2. The method according to claim 1 whereinthe high-SRI cementitious system-comprises a topping for applying tohardened concrete.
 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein thehigh-SRI cementitious system comprises a dry-shake color hardener forapplying to freshly placed concrete.
 4. The method according to claim 1wherein the high-SRI cementitious system comprises an integral concretecoloring admixture used in a conventional cast-in-place concrete.
 5. Themethod according to claim 1 wherein the high-SRI cementitious systemcomprises an integral concrete coloring admixture used in lightweightconcrete.
 6. The method according to claim 1 wherein the high-SRIcementitious system comprises an integral concrete coloring admixtureused in pervious concrete.
 7. The method according to claim 1 whereinthe high-SRI cementitious system comprises an integral concrete coloringadmixture used in concrete cast into manufactured building panels orpavers, and the infrared reflective pigments are added to the concreteduring mixing of the wet concrete, and before casting the manufacturedbuilding panels or pavers.
 8. The method according to claim 1 whereinthe high-SRI cementitious system comprises an integral concrete coloringadmixture or cementitious matrix, and the pigment composition comprisesa blend of brown and black CICP pigments having a % reflectance at 1000nm of at least 5% and less than 40% with one or more black infraredreflective pigments having a % reflectance at 1000 nm of at least 40% tomeet an SRI requirement of 32 or higher.
 9. The method according toclaim 1 wherein the high-SRI cementitious system has an SRI value of atleast 32 SRI units.
 10. The method according to claim 1 wherein thehigh-SRI cementitious system has an SRI value of at least 40 SRI units.11. The method according to claim 1 wherein the black infraredreflective pigments are selected from the group consisting of:manganese-vanadium oxide spinels, chromium green-black hematites,aluminum- and titanium-doped chromium green-black modified hematites,chromium iron oxides, hematite chromium green-blacks, iron chromitebrown spinels, manganese ferrite spinels, chromium iron nickel blackspinels, perylene blacks- and combinations thereof.
 12. The methodaccording to claim 1 wherein the black infrared reflective pigment is acomplex inorganic colored black pigment (CICP).
 13. The method accordingto claim 1 wherein the red infrared reflective pigments are selectedfrom the group consisting of: o-chloro-p-nitroaniline coupledβ-napthols, m-nitro-p-toluidine coupled with β-napthols, diazotizedp-aminobenzamide coupled with BON-o-phentidines, diketo-pyyrolo-pyrrolereds, high IR iron (III) oxide hematites, cerium sesquisulfides,quinacridone magenta B, pigment red 149, perylene reds, and combinationsthereof.
 14. The method according to claim 13 wherein the red infraredreflective pigments are an iron (III) oxide hematite, a ceriumsesquisulfide, or a combination thereof.
 15. The method according toclaim 1 wherein the orange to yellow infrared reflective pigments areselected from the group consisting of: benzimidazolone blends, chromiumantimony titanate rutiles, o-dianisidine coupled withaceto-acetanilides, dinitraniline coupled with beta-naphthols,insoindoline yellows,o-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenylhydrazono)-α-aceto-2′-methoxyacetanilides,monoarylide yellows, nickel antimony titanium rutiles,m-nitro-o-anisidine coupled with acetoacet-o-anisidines, potassiumcerium sulfides, pyrazolo-quinazolones, quinophthalone yellows, andcombinations thereof.
 16. The method according to claim 1 wherein theorange to yellow infrared reflective pigments are a nickel antimonytitanium rutile, a chrome antimony titanium rutile, an isoindolineyellow, or a combination thereof.
 17. The method according to claim 16wherein at least one of the orange to yellow infrared reflective pigmentis a nickel antimony titanium rutile.
 18. The method according to claim1 wherein the beige to brown infrared reflective pigments are selectedfrom the group consisting of: chrome antimony titanium rutiles, chromiumiron oxide spinels, chrome niobium buff rutiles, chrome tungstentitanium rutiles, iron titanium spinels, manganese antimony titaniumrutiles, manganese tungsten titanium rutiles, zinc ferrite spinels, zinciron chromite spinels, manganese ferrite brown spinels, and combinationsthereof.
 19. The method according to claim 18 wherein at least one ofthe beige to brown infrared reflective pigment is a manganese antimonytitanium rutile.
 20. The method according to claim 18 further comprisingone or more red, orange, or yellow infrared reflective pigment.
 21. Themethod according to claim 1 wherein the green infrared reflectivepigments are selected from the group consisting of: chlorinated copperphthalocyanines, chromium hematites, chromium modified hematites,chromium oxides, cobalt chromite spinels, cobalt chromite spinels,cobalt titanate spinels, and combinations thereof.
 22. The methodaccording to claim 1 wherein the green infrared reflective pigments area chromium hematite, a cobalt chromite spinel, a chromium modifiedpigment, and combinations thereof.
 23. The method according to claim 22wherein at least one of the green infrared reflective pigments is acobalt chromite spinel.
 24. The method according to claim 1 wherein theblue infrared reflective pigments are selected from the group consistingof: cobalt aluminate spinels, cobalt chromite spinels, cobalt chromiumzinc aluminate spinels, cobalt lithium titanate spinels, copperphthalocyanines, indanthrones, and combinations thereof.
 25. The methodaccording to claim 24 wherein the blue infrared reflective pigments area cobalt chromite spinel, a cobalt aluminum spinel, or a combinationthereof.
 26. The method according to claim 1 wherein the infraredreflective pigments are selected to provide a gray, light gray, darkgray or bright white IR reflective cementitious system, and wherein thepigments are selected from the group consisting of: black infraredreflective pigments, chromium hematites, anatase TiO₂, chrome antimonytitanium rutiles, and combinations thereof.
 27. The method according toclaim 1 wherein the infrared reflective pigments are: anatase TiO₂ andone or more black infrared reflective pigments; or anatase TiO₂ and oneor more infrared reflective pigments to produce a pastel color.
 28. Themethod according to claim 1 wherein the black infrared reflectivepigments, red infrared reflective pigments; orange to yellow infraredreflective pigments, beige to brown infrared reflective pigments, greeninfrared reflective pigments, blue infrared reflective pigments, andgray-white infrared reflective pigments are combined with a concretecoloring admixture in a concrete or a cementitious matrix to form anintermediate colored cementitious system.
 29. A method of preparing ahigh-SRI colored concrete using a high-SRI cementitious system, themethod comprising: (a) providing components of a cementitious systemcomprising a cementitious matrix or concrete coloring admixture; (b)combining an infrared reflective pigment composition with thecementitious system to form the high-SRI cementitious system, whereinthe infrared reflective pigment composition comprises: one or moreinfrared reflective pigments selected from the group consisting of:black infrared reflective pigments having a percent reflectance at 1000nanometers of at least 40%, red infrared reflective pigments having apercent reflectance at 1000 nanometers of at least 60%; orange to yellowinfrared reflective pigments having a percent reflectance at 1000nanometers of at least 65%; beige to brown infrared reflective pigmentshaving a percent reflectance at 1000 nanometers of at least 60%; greeninfrared reflective pigments having a percent reflectance at 1000nanometers of at least 60%; blue infrared reflective pigments having apercent reflectance at 1000 nanometers of at least 50%; gray to whiteinfrared reflective pigments having a percent reflectance at 1000nanometers of at least 60%; and combinations thereof, wherein thepercent reflectance at 1000 nm is measured in white portland cement, andwherein the infrared reflective pigments are compliant with ASTM C979;and TiO₂ comprising anatase TiO₂ or rutile TiO₂; and (c) applying thehigh-SRI cementitious system to a concrete to form the high-SRI coloredconcrete, wherein the high-SRI cementitious system has an SRI value ofat least 29 SRI units, and wherein the high-SRI cementitious system isselected from the group consisting of a topping, a dry-shake colorhardener, and an integral concrete coloring admixture.
 30. The methodaccording to claim 29 wherein the TiO₂ comprises pigment, ultrafine, orphotocatalytic grade anatase TiO₂, and wherein the TiO₂ providesSRI-restoring function upon exposure to UV radiation.
 31. The methodaccording to claim 29 wherein the TiO₂ comprises low tint strength ornon-pigmentary TiO₂.
 32. The method according to claim 29 wherein theTiO₂ comprises low tint strength or non-pigmentary TiO₂ and the TiO2 iscombined with to improve the overall reflectivity of the cementitioussystem.